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  • John Glubb

    British military leader serving first the Iraqi government, then the rulers of Transjordan and later Jordan. (1897-1986). [ Move - Reference/Encyclopedias/Subject_Encyclopedias/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Orient/G ]

    lexicorient.com

  • Jesus

    Offers different versions of who he was, and what he represented. In Christianity, a central religious person, either seen as God in human body or as son of God born by a woman. In Islam and Baha'i, one of the central prophets, as well as miracle worker (always called Isa). Baha'i: Same view as Islam.

    lexicorient.com

  • Judaism

    Third largest religion in Middle East/ North Africa with almost five million adherents. Includes beliefs, rituals, prohibitions and regulations, organization, holy places and history.

    lexicorient.com

  • Jewish calendar

    Established by rabbi Hillel in the 4th century CE. Consists of 354 days a year, but has a leap month seven times every nineteen years. Includes example.

    lexicorient.com

  • Jinn

    Arabic term for invisible beings, that constitute a world almost parallel to the human, according to Islam. The belief in jinns is orthodox, as they are mentioned several times in the Holy Koran.

    lexicorient.com

  • Jaffa

    City in Israel with about 80,000 inhabitants, situated on the Mediterranean Sea. Has outstanding examples of Arabic urban architecture. Includes brief history.

    lexicorient.com

  • Jem, El

    Town in Tunisia with about 7,000 inhabitants. Famous for its colosseum. Includes brief history.

    lexicorient.com

  • Jadida, El

    City in Morocco with 150,000 inhabitants. Economic base centers around tourism, sardine fishing and agriculture. Includes history.

    lexicorient.com

  • Jafar as Sadiq

    Sixth Imam in the Twelver and Isma'ili traditions of Shi'i Islam. Influential teacher, theologian and jurist. Taught Abu Hanifa and Malik ibn Anas who were instrumental in the development of Sunni Islam. (699- 765 CE).

    lexicorient.com

  • Jordan River

    Flows through Israel, Palestine and Jordan and is 320 km long. The Sea of Galilee is part of the system, as well as the Yarmuk River of Syria.

    lexicorient.com

  • Jugurtha

    King of Numidia (113- 104 BCE). Resisted the spread of the Roman Empire and engaged in warfare for a few years. Betrayed by his father-in-law, Bocchus, he was captured, thrown into prison and died six days later from the cold and starvation.

    lexicorient.com

  • Jadid, Salah

    Politician in Syria from early 1966 to late 1970. Includes brief biography.

    lexicorient.com

  • John, Gospel of

    Part of the New Testament but differs from the synoptic gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke by having clear gnostic elements. Includes examples of the differences.

    lexicorient.com

  • Jihad

    Arabic term defined as a battle, struggle, or holy war for the religion. The greater jihad is the spiritual struggle of each man, against vice, passion and ignorance. A lesser jihad is simplified to cover holy war against infidels and infidel countries, aiming at spreading Islam.

    lexicorient.com

  • Jericho

    City in Palestine with about 25,000 inhabitants. Economical base focuses on agriculture, production of dates, bananas and citrus fruits. Includes history of one of the oldest settlements in the world, dating back to 9000 BCE.

    lexicorient.com

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