From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Canberra bushfires of 2003 caused severe damage to the outskirts of Canberra, the Australian capital city. Almost 70% of the Australian Capital Territory’s pasture, forests (pine plantations) and nature parks were severely damaged, and most of the renowned Mount Stromlo Observatory was destroyed. After burning for a week around the edges of the ACT, the fires entered the suburbs of Canberra on 18 January 2003. Over the next ten hours, four people died and more than 500 homes [1] were destroyed or severely damaged, requiring a significant relief and reconstruction effort.

Contents 1 Origin of the fires 2 Saturday 18 January 3 Aftermath 4 Significant Issues 5 Official responses 5.1 Bushfire Recovery Taskforce 5.2 McLeod Inquiry 5.3 ACT Coroner's Bushfire Inquiry 5.4 House Select Committee on the recent Australian bushfires 6 Bushfire memorial 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Fires had been burning in the adjoining Brindabella and Namadgi National Parks to the west of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) since January 8, 2003 when lightning strikes had started some 160 fires.

On 13 January, a helicopter that had been waterbombing the fires in the forests west of Canberra crashed into Bendora Dam with one person, the pilot injured. ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope and Chief Fire Officer Peter Lucas-Smith were reviwing the fires nearby in the Snowy Hydro Southcare helicopter. The pilot of the Southcard chopper cautiously positioned his aircraft to allow Stanhope, Lucas-Smith and a paramedica onboard to dive into the dam and escue the injured pilot. All three who rescued the injured pilot and the helicopter pilot later received awards for their bravery.

On 17 January, the ESB released its final media release prior to January 18 at 8:50pm.^[1] This media release differed to any previous one in format and content. It also provided several clue that were overlooked into the risk Canberra faced. For example, one point of the release stated that bushfire logistical support staging areas were being relocated from Bulls Head and Orroral Valley (far outside urban Canberra) to the North Curtain District Playing Fields (far inside urban Canberra)^[2] signalling a both a major retreat by fire fighters and pointing to imminent danger to the city itself.

As strong winds (classed as a minor cyclone with winds strong enough to uproot Eucalypt trees) and high temperatures (pushing 40 degrees) continued into the morning of Saturday, 18 January, residents in rural areas west and north-west of the city were told to prepare for the worst. Two fires continued to burn out of control in the Namadgi National Park, with the entire park, along with the Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve being closed due to the threat. A second fire in the Brindabella Ranges was threatening to break containment lines.

Throughout the day, the fires burned closer to the fringes of Canberra's suburbs, and there was no sign of authorities gaining control of the situation. At around 2p.m, police evacuated the township of Tharwa to the south of Canberra. Though the town was in very real danger, with the fire front surrounding and impacting the township, firefightrs under the command of Southern Brigades Captain Val Jeffrey were able to prevent the loss of any property other than some minor sheds. By mid-afternoon, it had become apparent that the fires posed an immediate threat to the settlements such near Canberra such as Uriarra and Stromlo as well as houses on the city's urban bushland interface. A state of emergency was declared at 2.45 p.m. by the ACT's Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope. The fires reached the urban area at 3 p.m. The first emergency warning advisories were broadcast shortly after on radio and television, with the advisories updated throughout the day. These advisories, accompanied by the Emergency Warning Signal stated that a significant "deterioration" of the fire situation in the ACT had occurred and placed several suburbs on alert to evacuate. As the day continued, these advisories advised the evacuation of several suburbs (also enforced by Police on the ground) and placed most Suburbs of Canberra on some level of alert. Fire was by now on the fringes of many suburbs, was surrounding Tharwa and threatened the historic Lanyon Homestead which was at the time, hosting a wedding and protected by a singal fire truck.

By 4 p.m. houses were alight in the suburbs of Duffy and Chapman, with the loss of a home in Holder soon after. ACT Fire Brigade firefighters were situated in Duffy when the fire hit the suburb, many of them nearly losing their lives. Due to fire damage to infrastructure and extreme winds bringing down powerlines across the area, large parts of the city lost power. Fires also started in Giralang because of powerline problems. Evacuation centres were set up at four schools - Canberra College, Ginninderra College, Erindale College and Narrabundah College. A dark cloud hung over the city, and though it was not in danger, Parliament House was closed.

By 5 p.m., houses were reported destroyed in Duffy, Chapman, Giralang, Holder and Rivett, as well as houses in the small forrestry settlement of Uriarra. It was later found that the first casualty of the fires, an elderly woman named Dorothy McGrath, died at the nearby Stromlo Forrestry Settlement while trying to escape. Escape for residents was hampered by poor warning and the location of the settlement in the pine forrest. Fires in the Michelago area forced the closure of the Monaro Highway into Canberra. Fires spread through the Kambah pool area and into the suburb of Kambah casuing damage to many homes and one of the ACT's primary Urban and Rural fire stations. Fire spread through parkland, crossing the Tuggeranong Parkway, Athlon Drive and finally engulfing Mount Taylor. Within an hour, houses were also burning in Torrens on the slopes of Mt Taylor and Weston. The fires by now had inflicted severe damage to the city's infratructure. Power supplies were cut to several suburbs. These outages affacted the Emergency Services Bureau's own headquarters in Curtin and the Canberra Hospital (running on back-up generators) which was under intence preesure from people suffering burns and smoke inhilation. In Curtin, the ESA headquarters was in danger from the fires. With back-up power only available to the Communications Centre, many personel were forced to work on tables outside as Army Reserve personel hosed down the building^[3]. It was later noted that the ESB could have moved its operations away from danger to other emergency service locations such as the AFP Winchestor Centre or Tuggeranong Police Station^[4]. Water, gas, sewerage and communications were heavily affacted. Water, gas and landline communications was unavailable to several suburbs due to damage to supply lines and city reseviors. Mobile telecommunications were severally affacted due to increased traffic, causing serious disruption to mobile phone networks and the ESA's own radio and dispatch networks.

The fires impacted part of the Lower Molonglo Water Quality Control Centre or LMWQCC, responsible for treating the city's sewerage and waste water before release into the Molonglo River. The plant's operations were disrupted due to fire damage, causing concern about the possible release of sewerage into the Molonglo River as the plant's reserve storage could only hold one day of surpluss. However, the lack of resources and equipment failures for crews protecting the plant could have lead to a catesrphic disaster, as detailed in Mr Dannie Camilleri's testimony in Coroner Maria Doogan's subsequent inquest into the fires. Mr Camilleri testified that his crews arrived to find much of the area around the plant on fire, with a significant risk of the fire impacting on daangerous substances stored at the plant to treat waste, including Chlorine^[5]. Had stated that if the fire had impacted the chlorine tanks causing a breech, it "would create a poisonous cloud that would blow toward Canberra necessitating mass evacuations.^[6]"

By 10 p.m., one of the four evacuation centres in Canberra was completely full, and others were filling up quickly. Reports of looting also began to arrive from the damaged areas. Both Prime Minister John Howard and then-Governor General Peter Hollingworth changed their plans in order to return to Canberra as soon as was possible. While the very worst of the fires had passed, the situation was still far from stable, and going into Sunday January 19, houses were still ablaze across numerous suburbs.

By the evening of Sunday, 19 January, it was clear that the worst hit suburb was Duffy (where 250 plus residences were destroyed) and that four people had died - they were Alison Tener, 38, Peter Brooke, 74, and Douglas Fraser, 60, all of Duffy, and Dorothy McGrath, 76, of the Mount Stromlo Forestry Settlement. [2] The loss of life and damage to property and the destruction of forests to the west of the city caused not just economic loss but significant social impacts. Many people were affected by depression, particularly those who had lost their homes in the fires. The community questioned the lack of preparation for the fires and the total confusion at the time.

In the weeks after January 18, the impact of the fires was studied in detail in order to determine how the damage had been done, and how to better work against such natural disasters in future. The Cities Project compiled information on as many as 431 damaged properties, stratified into the groups of "destroyed", "heavy damage", "medium damage", "light damage", and "superficial damage". This data was split by suburb to form a table which illustrated which areas had taken the most damage. The data allowed them to conclude that the high levels of "destroyed" property (91%) indicated the high speed with which the fire had moved. It was also concluded that once the establishments had caught fire, there was little chance of their being put out. In addition, the study showed that it was not only the fire which caused damage, but also the fierce winds recorded on the day, which were strong enough to uproot some small trees. It is believed that with the aid of this information, better policies and regulations have been formulated, which may help to reduce the destruction by future bushfires in Canberra, as well as in other locales.

Bushfires sverely harmed the vegitation of the Cotter River Catchment and caused water quality problems in the three dams in the catchment, Corin, Bendora and Cotter Dams. For quite sometime after the fires however, turbidity in the water due to silt and ash from surrounding burnt out forests meant Canberra had to rely on Googong Dam on the Queanbeyan River, which was not affected by the fires. Given the drought and existing water shortages, this effectively reduced Canberra's water reerves to around 15% for some time. An upgrade to the Stromlo Water Treatment Plant was subsequently required to allow extra filtration of water to cope with the diminished quality in the future.

As with any bushfire, the environment will take significant time to regenerate. Regeneration of vegetation was delayed by an ongoing drought in the region.

Perhaps the most notable cultural and scientific loss caused by the fires was the damage to the scenic and renowned Mount Stromlo Observatory (headquarters of the Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics of the Australian National University) which is estimated to be the source of a third of Australia's astronomical research (New Scientist, 20 January 2003). Five historically significant telescopes were destroyed. Instrumentation and engineering workshops, the observatory's library and the main administration buildings were consumed. The insurance payment sought by the Australian National University, amounting to 75 million Australian dollars, could become the largest claim in Australian history (The Australian, 15 December 2004). Amazingly, the Visitors Center or "exploratory" housing public exhibits and cafe escaped the fires unscathed, despite being on the edge of a steep gradient which fires roared up and being only meters from the 75cm telescope which was completely destroyed.

In the aftermath of the fires, people and authorities were able to reflect on the events and analyse what occurred. Some of the revelations were startelling while others prompted serious questions about the ACT's management of bushfires.

• Perhaps most concerning for residents of Canberra was the revelation in coroner Maria Doogan's inquest into the fires that revealed the risk posed to Canberra from fire impacting on the Lower Molonglo Water Quality Control Centre. It was revealed in testimony by fire officer Dannie Camilleri that had fire impacted and breeched tanks storing chlorine at the centre (as well as other chemicals), it would have caused a disastrous situation, releasing toxic gas and requiring large scale evacuations of the national capital^[7].

• Another issue raised was utilisation of equipment, or lack there of. In subsequent investiagtions by the media and the coroner Maria Doogan, many instances were found in which authorties faild to use equipment that was or could have been available to them. For example, the Canberra International Airport had 4 heavy fire fighting tankers capable of transporting and quickly deploying large amounts of water and foam. On this day, 3 were available while the 4th which was under going servicing could be ready at short notice. Given the ACT's urban fire fighting resources were limited (just 12 pumpers and 3 heavy tankers) to protects hundreds of homes (ACT regulations require two punmpers to attend a structural fire such as a house), it was ridiculed that such effective resources were not utilised despite Airservices Australian offering their use. There were also reports of interstate fire crews from the NSW South Coast being turned back on their way to Canberra because some ESB officers considered the situation under control in the days before and on the morning of January 18th.

• Equipment failure was an issue that hampered fire fighting efforts and resulted in one urban fire vehicle being severely damaged. Fire crews found filters in some rural fire fighting vehicles were flamable. Other crews had to contend with engine failure. In one case that under different circumstances, could be seen as amusing, a fire fighter stated they had "..full truck of water but no way to stop the friggin truck^[8]" referring to the failure of their vehicles brakes and only being able to stop the truck using the hand brake.

• Communications and Websites failed at crucial times during the fire emergency, with fire dispatch hampered by radio failures. The anberra Connect websites and ACT Government system for producing media releases also failed, creating delays for information being given to the media and the inability of residents to see information posted on Canberra Connect.

Following the 2003 bushfires, the ACT and New South Wales and Australian governments initiated community and official responses to the fire.

The Bushfire Recovery Taskforce was established to advise the ACT Government, provide leadership for the recovery and act as a bridge between Government agencies and the community.

The ACT Government established the McLeod Inquiry to examine and report on the operational response to the bushfires. The Inquiry was headed by Ron McLeod, a former Commonwealth Ombudsman. The Inquiry handed down its findings on 1 August 2003.

The inquiry found that:

• The fires, started by lightning strikes, might have been contained had they been attacked more aggressively in the 24 hours after they broke out. Large stretches of dry drought affected vegetation and weather conditions that were extremely conducive to fire meant that once the fires reached a certain size, that they were very difficult to control.
• That management of fuel load in parks and access to remote area was lacking.
• Emergency service personnel performed creditably, but they were overwhelmed by the intensity of the fires and the unexpected speed of their advance on 18 January.
• A Comprehensive ACT emergency plan was in place at the time of the fire, it worked particularly in recovery after the fires in dealing with the large number of people who needed temporary shelter and assistance as a consequence of the fires.
• That inadequacies in the physical construction and layout of the Emergency Services Bureau centre in Curtin were a hindrance. The centre was unable to handle efficiently the large amount of data and communications traffic into and out of the centre at the height of the crisis.
• That there were some equipment and resourcing deficiencies within the ACT’s emergency service organisations.
• That information and advice given to the community about the progress of the fires, the seriousness of the threat and the preparations the public should be making was seriously inadequate. There was also confusion as to whether homes should be evacuated.

The Inquiry recommended there should be increased emphasis given to controlled burning as a fuel-reduction strategy. That access to and training of emergency personnel in remote areas need to be improved. That a number of changes be made to the emergency services and the policies that govern their operations, including a greater emphasis on provision of information to the public.

The Coroner's inquiry has been commenced in January 2003, and hearing officially opened on 16 June 2003. The Coroner's Court of the Australian Capital Territory conducted an inquiry into the cause, origin and circumstances of the 2003 bushfires and inquests into the four deaths associated with those fires. The inquiry is under the provisions of the ACT Coroners Act 1997.

The inquiry has been marked by controversy and in February 2005 the ACT Supreme Court heard an application that the coroner be disqualified due to bias. The inquiry into the fires was on hold until August 2005 until the Full Bench of the Supreme Court delivered its decision[3] that Coroner Maria Doogan should not be disqualified on the ground of a reasonable apprehension of bias. The inquiry reconvened on 17 August 2005.

After hearing over 90 days of evidence the inquiry wrapped up on 25 October 2005. Although the inquiry was supposed to be completed in early 2006, submissions continued in to mid 2006 with the Coroner delivering her findings "The Canberra Firestorm" in December 2006.

On 26 March 2003 the House of Representatives established a Select Committee to inquire into the recent Australian bushfires, including the Canberra bushfire. The committee tabled the report of its inquiry on 5 November 2003 and the Australian government presented its response to the report on 15 September 2005.

On 18 January 2006, three years after the day of the bushfires, a bushfire memorial was opened on land which had been affected by the fires in Stromlo forest. [4]

The ACT Bushfire Memorial was commissioned by the ACT government to acknowledge the impact of the fires, and thank the many organisations and individuals who played crucial roles in the fire fighting and recovery efforts.

The memorial was designed by Canberra artists Tess Horowitz, Tony Steel and Martyn Jolly and incorporates elements requested by the ACT community. It is a journey from the day of the fire through the process of recovery, to the honouring of memory.

The entrance memorial walls are made from the community's salvaged and inscribed bricks which contain messages of grief and gratitude. Beyond the walls, a site framed by a grove of casuarinas contains red glass and metal forms that refer to the force of the firestorm and the lightning strikes that sparked the main fires. An avenue leads to an amphitheatre enclosing a pond and bubbling spring. Glass columns bordering the pond contain details from photos provided by the community which speak of memory and human resilience.

As of early March 2006, the memorial is not quite finished. Apart from the immature casuarina trees, which will take time to grow to full height, there remains landscaping and plumbing work yet to be completed. The area where the memorial is located is undergoing significant redevelopment for recreational purposes, and will not be replanted with pine forest.

• List of disasters in Australia by death toll

• McLeod, Ron. 2003. Inquiry into the Operational Response to the January 2003 Bushfires in the ACT
• Flight Safety Magazine article March/April 2003 on aerial bush fire fighters cached by WayBack Machine

• Bushfires, Canberra, A.C.T., January 2003 - Australian Internet Sites - websites in the PANDORA archive
• ACT CORONER’S BUSHFIRE INQUIRY web page
• Canberra Bushfires at Geoscience Australia
• Sydney Morning Herald report on the findings of the New South Wales Deputy Coroner
• Article in The Age February 2005 concerning the delay in the coronial inquiry
• Bushfire coronial website - Dedicated to bringing evidence directly from witnesses to the public.
• Opinion piece by Jack Waterford, editor of The Canberra Times on the outcomes of the coronial inquiry
• Dealing with Disaster – Using new Networking Technology for Emergency Coordination Some of the Satellite Technology Used for Mapping the Fires Image galleries
• Fighting bushfires on the Mount Franklin Road, Brindabella Ranges, on the night of 11/12 January 2003 / David Tunbridge
• Canberra fire damage, 18 January to 14 February 2003 / Damian McDonald, Greg Power and Loui Seselja.
• Canberra bushfires, 18 January to 14 February 2003 / Tony Miller
• Canberra bushfires, 2003 / Christine Thomas and Simon Mockler
• Canberra Bushfires 2003 / Peter Dey