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22nd century BC drought
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The 22nd century BC drought was one of the most severe climatic events of the Holocene period. Starting in about 2200 BC, it probably lasted the whole 22nd century long. It is very likely that it caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt as well as the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia.
In ca. 2150 BC the Old Kingdom was hit by a series of exceptionally low Nile floods, which was instumental in the sudden collapse of centralized government in ancient Egypt. Famines, social disorder, and fragmentation during a period of approximately 40 years were followed by a phase of rehabilitation and restoration of order in various provinces. Egypt was eventually reunified within a new paradigm of kingship. The process of recovery depended on capable provincial adminstrators, the deployment of the idea of justice, irrigation projects, and an administrative reform.
- Robert K. Booth et al. (2005). "A severe centennial-scale drought in midcontinental North America 4200 years ago and apparent global linkages". The Holocene 15 (3): 321-328. DOI:10.1191/0959683605hl825ft.
- Mary E. Davis & Lonnie G. Thompson (2006). "An Andean ice-core record of a Middle Holocene mega-drought in North Africa and Asia". Annals of Glaciology 43: 34-41.
- Russell Drysdale et al. (2005). "Late Holocene drought responsible for the collapse of Old World civilizations is recorded in an Italian cave flowstone". Geology 34 (2): 101-104. DOI:10.1130/G22103.1.
- Ann Gibbons (1993). "How the Akkadian Empire Was Hung Out to Dry". Science 261 (5124): 985. DOI:10.1126/science.261.5124.985.
- Richard A. Kerr (1998). "Sea-Floor Dust Shows Drought Felled Akkadian Empire". Science 279 (5349): 325-326. DOI:10.1126/science.279.5349.325.
- Jean-Daniel Stanley et al. (2003). "Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt: Strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence". Geoarchaeology 18 (3): 395-402. DOI:10.1002/gea.10065.
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