Adaptor protein

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An adaptor protein is a protein which is accessory to main proteins in a signal transduction pathway. These proteins tend to lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity themselves but instead mediate specific protein-protein interactions that drive the formation of protein complexes. Examples of adaptor proteins include MyD88, Grb2 and Shc.

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Much of the specificity of signal transduction depends on the recruitment of several signalling components such as protein kinases and G-protein GTPases into short lived active complexes in response to an activating signal such as a growth factor binding to its receptor.

Adaptor proteins usually contain several domains within their structure (e.g., Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domains) which allow specific interactions with several other specific proteins. SH2 domains recognise specific amino acid sequences within proteins containing phosphotyrosine residues and SH3 domains recognise proline-rich sequences within specific peptide sequence contexts of proteins.

There are many other types of interaction domains found within adaptor and other signalling proteins which allow a rich diversity of specific and coordinated protein-protein interactions to occur within the cell during signal transduction.

Genes encoding adaptor proteins include:

  • GRAP - GRB2-related adaptor protein
  • GRAP2 - GRB2-related adaptor protein 2
  • LDLRAP1 - low density lipoprotein receptor adaptor protein 1
  • NCK1 - NCK adaptor protein 1
  • NCK2 - NCK adaptor protein 2
  • NOS1AP - nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal) adaptor protein
  • PIK3AP1 - phosphoinositide-3-kinase adaptor protein 1
  • SH2B1 - SH2B adaptor protein 1
  • SH2B2 - SH2B adaptor protein 2
  • SH2B3 - SH2B adaptor protein 3
  • SHB - Src homology 2 domain containing adaptor protein B
  • SLC4A1AP - solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger), member 1, adaptor protein
  • GAB2, GRB2-associated binding protein 2

v • d • e
cell signaling
Key concepts Ligand - Cell signaling networks - Signal transduction - Apoptosis - Second messenger system (Ca2+ signaling, Lipid signaling)
Processes Paracrine - Autocrine - Juxtacrine - Neurotransmitters - Endocrine (Neuroendocrine)
Types of proteins Receptor (Transmembrane, Intracellular) - Transcription factor (General, Preinitiation complex, TFIID, TFIIH) - Adaptor protein
v • d • e
Proteins: carrier proteins
Hormone Follistatin - Growth hormone binding protein - Insulin-like growth factor binding protein - Neurophysins (Neurophysin I, II)
Sex hormone binding globulin/Androgen binding protein - Transcortin - Thyroxine-binding globulin - Transthyretin
Metal/element calcium (Calcium-binding protein, Calmodulin-binding proteins) - copper (Ceruloplasmin) - iron (Iron-binding proteins, Transferrin receptor)
Vitamin Retinol binding protein (4) - Transcobalamins
Other Acyl carrier protein - Adaptor protein - Cholesterylester transfer protein - F-box protein - GTP-binding protein - Latent TGF-beta binding protein - Light-harvesting complex - Membrane transport protein
v • d • e
Cell signaling: carrier proteins: adaptor proteins
STAT STAT1 - STAT2 - STAT3 - STAT4 - STAT5 - STAT6
Interferon regulatory factors IRF1 - IRF2 - IRF3 - IRF6
Growth factor receptor-bound protein GRB2 - GRB7 - GRB10
other 14-3-3 (YWHAE, YWHAZ) - Caveolin - Cortactin - Death Inducing Signaling Complex - Paxillin - Myd88 - PIAS - SMAD - SOCS - TRAF


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