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Adolf Tolkachev (born 1927, Aktyubinsk, Kazakhstan; died 1986) was a Soviet Union electronics engineer who provided key documents to the CIA over the years between 1979 and 1985. Working at the Soviet radar design house Phazotron as one of the chief designers, Tolkachev gave the CIA complete information about such projects as the R-23, R-24, R-33, R-27, and R-60, S-300; fighter-interceptor aircraft radars used on the MiG-29, MiG-31, and Su-27; and other avionics. The United States considered the most advanced airborne radar among the systems Tolkachev compromised was the passive phased array radar used by the MiG-31 Foxhound fighter. He was executed as a spy in 1986.

His distrust of the Communist government seemed to spring from persecution his wife's parents had suffered under Stalin, perhaps because they were Jewish. He told the CIA he was inspired by Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov. Tolkachev attempted over a long period to make contact with a U.S. official, coincidentally approaching the CIA chief at the U.S. embassy on the street, but the CIA was wary of counterintelligence operations by the KGB. Eventually Tolkachev established his bona fides with intelligence data that proved to be of "incalculable" usefulness to US experts. Later, the U.S. Air Force would "completely reverse" its decision on an electronics package for its fighter planes due to the information passed.

Because Tolkachev resisted the use of traditional CIA methods including dead drops, preferring personal meetings, he was able to transfer a much larger volume of classified data, much of it collected using various matchbox-sized cameras. The need for these meetings necessitated several innovations in CIA tradecraft such as signals and concealment. Although he demanded money for his cooperation, he seemed to insist that he only wanted payment as proof of the value of his effort and risk. He was eventually paid a salary "equivalent" to the U.S. President, at the time $200,000 annually.

At some point in 1985, Tolkachev was compromised. While attempting to meet him, a CIA officer was arrested and questioned at the Lubyanka KGB headquarters and prison, and incriminating materials including spy equipment such as cameras was seized from him, but he was soon released into US custody and later ejected from the USSR. The source of the exposure is believed to have been Edward Lee Howard, an ex-CIA officer who fled to Moscow to avoid treason charges. Aldrich Ames apparently also passed his name to the Soviets.

Though Tolkachev was executed, he had carefully compartmentalized his spy work and his family, so they were not punished. His son Oleg Tolkachev is now said to be a prominent architect.

• CIA historical study of Tolkachev