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In law and in cultural anthropology, affinity, as distinguished from consanguinity, is kinship by marriage. It is the relation which each party to a marriage, the husband and wife, bears to the kindred of the other.

A person's affinity kin are called by kin names with '-in-law' added, and the term in-laws is used informally as an umbrella term for them:

• parents-in-law, mother-in-law, father-in-law
• son-in-law, daughter-in-law
• brother-in-law, sister-in-law

Other constructions are occasionally used including the addition of the prefix 'step-', as in 'stepfather-in-law'.

Affinity is usually described as of three kinds. (1) Direct: that relationship which subsists between the husband and his wife's relations by blood or between the wife and the husband's relations by blood. The marriage having made them one person, the blood relations of each are held as related by affinity in the same degree to the one spouse as by consanguinity to the other. But the relation is only with the married parties themselves, and does not bring those in affinity with them in affinity with each other; so a wife's sister has no affinity to her husband's brother. This is secondary affinity. Collateral affinity is the relationship subsisting between the husband and the relations of his wife's relations.

The subject is chiefly important from the matrimonial prohibitions by which the canon law has restricted relations by affinity. Taking the table of degrees within which marriage is prohibited on account of consanguinity, the rule has been thus extended to affinity, so that wherever relationship to a man himself would be a bar to marriage, relationship to his deceased wife will be the same bar, and vice versa on the husband's decease. See affinity (canon law) for more discussion.

Briefly, direct affinity is a bar to marriage. This rule has been founded chiefly on interpretations of the eighteenth chapter of Leviticus. Formerly by law in England, marriages within the degrees of affinity were not absolutely null, but they were liable to be annulled by ecclesiastical process during the lives of both parties; in other words, the incapacity was only a canonical, not a civil, disability. By the Marriage Act 1835 all marriages of this kind not disputed before the passing of the act were declared absolutely valid, while all subsequent to it were declared null. This rendered null in England, and not merely voidable, a marriage with a deceased wife's sister or niece.

• consanguinity
• marriage

• See Affinity (In the Bible) an article from the Catholic Encyclopedia
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

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