Afro-American religion
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Afro-American religions (also African diasporic religions) are a number of related religions that developed in the Americas among African slaves and their descendants in various countries of the Caribbean Islands and Latin America, as well as parts of the southern United States. They derive from African traditional religions, especially of West and Central Africa, showing similarities to the Yoruba religion in particular.
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[edit] Characteristics
These religions usually involve ancestor veneration and/or a pantheon of divine spirits, such as the loas of Haitian Vodou, or the orishas of Santería. Similar divine spirits are also found in the Central and West African traditions from which they derive — the orishas of Yoruba cultures, the nkisi of Bantu (Kongo) traditions, and the vodou of Dahomey (Benin), Togo, southern Ghana, and Burkina Faso. In addition to mixing these various but related African traditions, many Afro-American religions incorporate elements of Christian, indigenous American, Kardecist, Spiritualist and even Islamic traditions. This mixing of traditions is known as religious syncretism.
[edit] List of traditions
| Afro-American Religions | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Developed in* | Ancestral Roots | Also practiced in | Remarks |
| Candomblé | Brazil | Yoruba orishas | Some elements of Dahomey vodou(deities) and Kongo nkisiAlso called Batuque |
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| Umbanda | Brazil | Yoruba | Uruguay |
Indigenous elements added (Preto Velho, Caboclo). Founded in the early 20th century |
| Quimbanda | Brazil | Kongo Witchcraft Brazilian Shamanism |
Uruguay | Veneration of ancestral spirits called Exu and Pomba Gira |
| Santería | Cuba | Yoruba | Catholicism Syncretism | |
| Regla de Arará | Cuba | Dahomey | ||
| Regla de Palo | Cuba | Kongo nkisi | Puerto Rico | Also called Palo Mayombe, Regla de Congo, Palo Monte |
| Vodou | Haiti, Brazil | Dahomey mythology | Cuba,Dominican Republic, USA |
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| Obeah | Jamaica | Kongo, Dahomey | Trinidad and Tobago | Simiar to Hoodoo |
| Winti | Suriname | |||
| Kumina | Jamaica | Kongo | ||
| Spiritual Baptist | Trinidad and Tobago | Yoruba | Jamaica, USA | Protestantism Syncretism, since the early 19th century |
| Hoodoo | southern USA | Kongo, Dahomey, Togo | Currently practiced widely throughout the USA; not a religion per se, as most practitioners are Christians, but the practice is rooted in the indigenous beliefs of Central and West Africa. | |
| Abakua | Cuba | Ekpe society of the Annang, Efik, Ibibio, Ekoi and Igbo. | ||
* "Developed in" as indicated in the chart does not refer to the religions' indigenous origins within continental Africa. It refers only to their development in the New World.
Other closely related regional faiths include:
- Xangô de Recife[1] and Xangô do Nordeste in Brazil
- Tambor de Mina in Brazil
- Candomblé Ketu in Bahia, Brazil
[edit] New religious movements
Some syncretic new religious movements have elements of these African religions, but are predominantly rooted in other spiritual traditions. A first wave of such movements originates in the 1930s:
- Santo Daime (folk Catholicism and Spiritism, Brazil),
- Nation of Islam (Islam, USA)
- Rastafarianism (Abrahamic, Jamaica),
A second wave of new movements originates in the 1960s to 1970s, in the context of the emergence of New Age and Neopaganism in the United States:
- União do Vegetal (Brazil, entheogenic, since 1961)
- Vale do Amanhecer (Brazil, Spiritism, since 1965)
- Ausar Auset Society ([USA, Kemetism, Pan-Africanism, since 1973),
- Black Buddhist Community in America (USA, Buddhism, since the 1960s)
[edit] See also
[edit] References
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