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Alexander Joy Cartwright (April 17, 1820 – July 12, 1892) was officially credited by the United States Congress on June 3, 1953, with inventing the modern game of baseball. Cartwright was a bookseller in Manhattan, and a volunteer fireman. ^[1] Cartwright founded the Knickerbocker Baseball Club (after the Knickerbocker Fire Engine Company) in 1842. ^[2] They played a brand of stick-and-ball game called the town game. In 1845 Cartwright and a committee from his club drew up rules converting this playground game into a more elaborate and interesting sport to be played by adults. He and other firemen played on a field at 47th and 27th Streets. ^[3] The rules of the modern game are based on their by-laws, and Cartwright is thought to be the first person to draw a diagram of a diamond shaped field.^[4]

The Knickerbockers participated in the first competitive game (as opposed to intramural) under these rules on June 19, 1846. The Knickerbockers lost 23-1 to the New York Nine.

Cartwright left New York to mine gold in California in 1849 and introduced baseball in almost every town where he stayed along the way. But the unsanitary conditions in California mining camps proved horrible by modern standards, eventually leading to a cholera epidemic. To escape it, Cartwright settled in Hawaii and became a successful Honolulu businessman. There, Cartwright established the first baseball league composed of teams he created throughout the Hawaiian islands.^{[citation needed]} His Hawaiian leagues became a model for the modern American and National Leagues of today. He is buried in a pink granite cask at Oahu Cemetery in Honolulu, a plaque to him exists in Honolulu Hale (City Hall), and Cartwright Field in Honolulu is named in his honor. In 1938, Cartwright was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame.

Contents 1 The "Knickerbocker Rules" 2 Major changes to the Knickerbocker rules: 3 Questions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Part of the Baseball series on History of baseball

• Origins of baseball • Early years • First league • New York rules • Massachusetts rules • Alexander Cartwright • Abner Doubleday • First pro team • First pro league • Derived from: • Cricket • Compared to baseball • Rounders • Town ball • History of baseball in: • the United States • Worldwide • the United Kingdom • Canada • Japan • Cuba • Negro league baseball • Minor league baseball • Ken Burns' documentary • Baseball Hall of Fame • Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) • Baseball year-by-year • MLB season-by-season

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Main article: Knickerbocker Rules

While there are many differences between the modern rules of baseball and the so-called Knickerbocker Rules (as adopted September 23, 1845 by the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club), there are also many similarities.

Similarities between the Knickerbockers' rules and the rules of today include:

• there are four bases laid out in a square.
• the bases are approximately 90 feet (27 m) apart.
• balls hit outside of first or 3rd base are foul.
• there are three "hands out" per inning.
• teams play an equal number of "hands", or innings.
• the striker must swing and miss three times to strike out.
• on the third swinging strike, the "striker" (batter) may run to first if the catcher does not catch the ball on the fly or on one bounce.
• runners may put out by being tagged or forced.
  • a runner cannot be put out by "soaking" (hitting them with a thrown ball).
  • throwing at a runner is prohibited.

Differences between the Knickerbocker rules and the rules of today include:

• foul balls were not considered strikes.
• there were no called strikes.
• the game continued until one team scores 21 "aces" (runs), provided that an equal number of hands (innings) had been played.
• the ball had to be pitched underhand.
• a "striker" (batter) was out if a fair or foul ball was caught on the fly or the first bounce. All base runners could advance on a fair ball caught on the first bounce.

• 1857; January 22 - the nine inning game is introduced.
• 1858 - called strikes are introduced.
• 1864; December 14 - a batter is no longer out if a fair struck ball is caught on one bounce. Foul balls caught on the first bounce are still outs.

New York City librarian Robert W. Henderson documented Cartwright's contributions to baseball in his 1947 book Bat, Ball, and Bishop, which Congress cited in recognizing Cartwright as the inventor of the modern game. Although there is no question that Cartwright was a prominent figure in the early development of baseball, some students of baseball history have suggested that Henderson and others embellished Cartwright's role. The primary complaint is that touting Cartwright as the "true" inventor of the modern game was an effort to find an alternative single individual to counter the clearly mythical "invention" of baseball by Abner Doubleday.

Some authors have also questioned the supposed "first game" under the new rules. The Knickerbockers' scorebook shows games during 1845 also. Those who have studied the scorebook have concluded that the differences in the games of 1845 and 1846, compared with the specifications of the Knickerbocker rules, are minimal, such as fielding teams of 7 players instead of 9.

• History of baseball

1. ^ Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: "The Book of General Ignorance". Faber & Faber, 2006.
2. ^ Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: "The Book of General Ignorance". Faber & Faber, 2006.
3. ^ Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: "The Book of General Ignorance". Faber & Faber, 2006.
4. ^ Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: "The Book of General Ignorance". Faber & Faber, 2006.

• baseballhalloffame.org – Hall of Fame biography page
• BaseballLibrary - biography
• Open-Site - biography