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Western Philosophy 20th-century philosophy A J Ayer
Name	Alfred Jules Ayer
Birth	October 29, 1910
Death	June 27, 1989
School/tradition	Analytic
Main interests	Language, Epistemology, Ethics, Meaning, Science
Notable ideas	Logical positivism, verification principle, emotivist ethics
Influences	Hume, Vienna Circle, Popper, Russell, Wittgenstein, Kant
Influenced	R. M. Hare, Strawson, Honderich

"Ayer" redirects here. For other meanings, see Ayer (disambiguation).

Sir Alfred Jules ("Freddie") Ayer (October 29, 1910 – June 27, 1989), better known as A. J. Ayer, was a British philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956).

Ayer was the Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic at the University College London from 1946 until 1959, when he became Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1951 to 1952. He was knighted in 1970.

Contents 1 Life 2 Works 3 See also 4 References 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 Selected publications 8 External links

Ayer was born into a wealthy family of continental origin. His mother was from the Dutch-Jewish family which later went on to found the Citroën car company in France. His father was a Swiss-Calvinist who worked for the Rothschild family. He grew up in St John's Wood, London. He then received an education in the humanities at Eton College, and then won a classics scholarship to Christ Church College, Oxford, and served in the British military during World War II, working in military intelligence for a time. He was a noted social mixer and womanizer, and was married four times, including to Dee Wells and Vanessa Lawson. Reputedly he liked dancing and attending the clubs in London. He was a keen supporter of Tottenham Hotspur Football Club and was a well known face in the crowd, known to other fans as 'the prof'^{[citation needed]}.

He was a friend of Isaiah Berlin and Stuart Hampshire.

Ayer was an agnostic,^[1] and followed in the footsteps of Bertrand Russell by debating with the Jesuit scholar Frederick Copleston on the topic of religion.

Ayer was closely associated with the British humanist movement. He was an Honorary Associate of the Rationalist Press Association from 1947 until his death. In 1965, he became the first president of the Agnostics' Adoption Society and in the same year succeeded Julian Huxley as president of the British Humanist Association, a post he held until 1970. In 1968 he edited The Humanist Outlook, a collection of essays on the meaning of humanism.

He taught or lectured several times in the United States, including serving as a visiting professor at Bard College in the fall of 1987. At a party that same year held by fashion designer Fernando Sanchez, Ayer, then 77, confronted Mike Tyson harassing Naomi Campbell. When Ayer demanded that Tyson stop, the boxer said: "Do you know who the fuck I am? I'm the heavyweight champion of the world," to which Ayer replied: "And I am the former Wykeham Professor of Logic. We are both pre-eminent in our field. I suggest that we talk about this like rational men".^[2] Ayer and Tyson then began to talk, while Naomi Campbell slipped out.

Shortly before his death in 1989 he received publicity after having an unusual near-death experience, which has often been misinterpreted as a move away from his lifelong and famous religious skepticism. Of the experience, Ayer first said that it "slightly weakened my conviction that my genuine death ... will be the end of me, though I continue to hope that it will be."^[3] However, a few days later he revised this, saying "what I should have said is that my experiences have weakened, not my belief that there is no life after death, but my inflexible attitude towards that belief". Ayer was the BBC's famous atheist front-man.^[4]

Ayer is perhaps best known for his verification principle, as presented in Language, Truth, and Logic (1936), according to which a sentence is meaningful only if it has verifiable empirical import, otherwise it was either "analytical" if tautologous or "metaphysical" (i.e. meaningless) if neither empirical nor analytical. He started work on the book at the age of 23^{[citation needed]} and it was published when he was 26. Ayer's philosophical ideas were deeply influenced by those of the Vienna Circle and David Hume. His clear, vibrant and polemical exposition of them makes Language, Truth and Logic essential reading on the tenets of logical empiricism -- the book is regarded as a classic of 20th century analytic philosophy, and is widely read in philosophy courses around the world.

In some ways, Ayer was the philosophical successor to Bertrand Russell, and he wrote two books on the philosopher: Russell and Moore: The Analytic Heritage (1971) and Russell (1972). He also wrote an introductory book on the philosophy of David Hume and a short biography of Voltaire.

In 1972-73 Ayer gave the Gifford Lectures at University of St Andrews, later published as The Central Questions of Philosophy. He still believed in the viewpoint he shared with the logical positivists: that large parts of what was traditionally called "philosophy" - including the whole of metaphysics, theology and aesthetics - were not matters that could be judged as being true or false and that it was thus meaningless to discuss them. Unsurprisingly, this made him unpopular with several other philosophy departments in Britain and his name is still reviled by many British professors to this day.

In "The Concept of a Person and Other Essays" (1963), Ayer made several striking criticisms of Wittgenstein's private language theory.

Ayer's sense-data theory in Foundations of Empirical Knowledge was famously criticised by fellow Oxonian J. L. Austin in Sense and Sensibilia, a landmark 1950s work of common language philosophy. Ayer responded to this in the essay "Has Austin Refuted the Sense-data Theory?", which can be found in his Metaphysics and Common Sense (1969).

• A priori knowledge

• Rogers, Ben A.J. Ayer: A Life, Grove Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8021-1673-6 (Chapter one and a review by Hilary Spurling, New York Times, December 24, 2000.)

• Ted Honderich, Ayer's Philosophy and its Greatness.
• Anthony Quinton, Alfred Jules Ayer. Proceedings of the British Academy, 94 (1996), pp. 255-282.
• Graham Macdonald, Alfred Jules Ayer, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, May 7, 2005.

• 1936, Language, Truth, and Logic, London: Gollancz. (2nd edition, 1946.)
• 1940, The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge, London: Macmillan.
• 1954, Philosophical Essays, London: Macmillan. (Essays on freedom, phenomenalism, basic propositions, utilitarianism, other minds, the past, ontology.)
• 1957, “The conception of probability as a logical relation”, in S. Korner, ed., Observation and Interpretation in the Philosophy of Physics, New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications.
• 1956, The Problem of Knowledge, London: Macmillan.
• 1963, The Concept of a Person and Other Essays, London: Macmillan. (Essays on truth, privacy and private languages, laws of nature, the concept of a person, probability.)
• 1967, “Has Austin Refuted the Sense-Data Theory?” Synthese vol. XVIII, pp. 117-40. (Reprinted in Ayer 1969).
• 1968, The Origins of Pragmatism, London: Macmillan.
• 1969, Metaphysics and Common Sense, London: Macmillan. (Essays on knowledge, man as a subject for science, chance, philosophy and politics, existentialism, metaphysics, and a reply to Austin on sense-data theory [Ayer 1967].)
• 1971, Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage, London: Macmillan.
• 1972a, Probability and Evidence, London: Macmillan.
• 1972b, Bertrand Russell, London: Fontana.
• 1973, The Central Questions of Philosophy, London: Weidenfeld.
• 1979, “Replies”, in G. Macdonald, ed., Perception and Identity: Essays Presented to A. J. Ayer, With His Replies, London: Macmillan; Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
• 1980, Hume, Oxford: Oxford University Press
• 1982, Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, London: Weidenfeld.
• 1984, Freedom and Morality and Other Essays, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• 1986, Ludwig Wittgenstein, London: Penguin.
• 1977, Part of My Life, London: Collins.
• 1984, More of My Life, London: Collins.

• Ayer's Elizabeth Rathbone Lecture on Philosophy & Politics
• A. J. Ayer at Philosophry