Alphabets derived from the Latin

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Variants of the Latin alphabet are used by the writing systems of many languages throughout the world. The tables below summarize and compare several of those alphabets.

Contents

The Afrikaans, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, English, Filipino, Finnish, French, German, Interlingua, Kurdish, Malay, Norwegian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish and Zulu alphabets officially contain all 26 letters at least[1]. But all are not used in reality except for foreign names.

Usage of basic Latin letters[2] (A–Z) in various languages
Alphabet A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Latin [2] A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z
Afrikaans A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y Z
Albanian [3] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y Z
Basque [4] A B D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U X Z
Belarusian [5] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y Z
Corsican [31] A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z
Croatian [7] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Z
Czech [8] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Y Z
Danish A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y
Esperanto A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Z
Estonian A B D E G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V
Faroese A B D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y
Friulian A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P R S T U V Z
Galician [33] A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V X Z
German A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Z
Greenlandic A E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
Guaraní [14] A E G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y
Hausa [30] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O R S T U W Y Z
Hungarian [15] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Z
Icelandic A B D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Y
Irish [16] A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U
Italian [17] A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V Z
Kashubian A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U W Y Z
Latvian [18] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Z
Lithuanian [19] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y Z
Maltese [20] A B D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z
Northern Sami A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Z
Norwegian A B D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y
Pinyin [32] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U W X Y Z
Polish [22] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U W Y Z
Portuguese [23] A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V X Z
Romani [29] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z
Romanian A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z
Scots Gaelic A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U
Serbian [7] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Z
Sicilian A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z
Slovenian A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Z
Sorbian A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U W Y Z
Turkish A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y Z
Vietnamese [26] A B C D E G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y
Volapük A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Y Z
Walloon [27] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z
Welsh [28] A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U W Y

This list should contain all letters used in the respective language for native words, and well established loan words. Letters used only for foreign or non-naturalized words and their derivatives (such as newtoniano in Italian and Portuguese), or only in international symbols and names or for personal names should not be included.

A method of checking this is to open a few large text pages (e.g. on Wikipedia) and search for letters.


In this list of 41 languages, the twelve letters used for all are A, E, G, H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S and T. The number of languages in which less used letters are in the alphabet (also for this list) is:

Letter B D P U F C J K V Z Y X Q W
Number of languages 40 40 40 40 39 34 34 33 32 31 21 15 9 9

Some languages have extended the Latin alphabet with ligatures, modified letters, or digraphs. These symbols are listed below. The characters in the following tables may not all render, depending on operating system and browser version and the presence or absence of Unicode fonts.

For the order in which the characters are sorted in each alphabet, see Collating sequence.

Derived Latin letters in various languages (A–G)
Alphabet Á À Â Ä Ǎ Ă Ā Ã Å Ą Æ Ɓ Ć Ċ Ĉ Č Ç Ď Đ Ɗ Ð É È Ė Ê Ë Ě Ĕ Ē Ę Ə Ġ Ĝ Ğ Ģ
á à â ä ǎ ă ā ã å ą æ ɓ ć ċ ĉ č ç ď đ ɗ ð é è ė ê ë ě ĕ ē ę ə ġ ĝ ğ ģ
Latin [2] Ă Ā Æ Ĕ Ē
Afrikaans Á É È Ê Ë
Albanian [3] Ç Ë
Azeri Ç Ə Ğ
Basque [4]
Belarusian [5] Ć Č
Catalan [6] À Ç É È
Corsican [31] À È
Croatian [7] Ć Č Đ
Czech [8] Á Č Ď É Ě
Danish [9] Å Æ É
Dutch [10] Ä É È Ë
Esperanto Ĉ Ĝ
Estonian Ä
Faroese Á Æ Ð
Filipino [11]
Finnish Ä Å
French [12] À Â Æ Ç É È Ê Ë
Friulian À Â Ç È Ê
Galician [33] Á É
German [13] Ä
Greenlandic Å Æ
Guaraní [14] Á Ã É
Hausa [30] Ɓ Ɗ
Hungarian [15] Á É
Icelandic Á Æ Ð É
Irish [16] Á É
Italian [17] À É È
Kabyle Č
Kashubian à Ą É Ë
Kurdish Ç Ê
Latvian [18] Ā Č Ē Ģ
Lithuanian [19] Ą Č Ė Ę
Luxembourgish Ä É Ë
Maltese [20] À Ċ È Ġ
Northern Sami Á Č Đ
Norwegian [9] Å Æ É
Pinyin [32] Á À Ǎ Ā É È Ě Ē
Polish [22] Ą Ć Ę
Portuguese [23] Á À Â Ã Ç É Ê
Romaji Ā Ē
Romani [29] Č
Romanian  Ă
Scots Gaelic À È
Serbian [7] Ć Č Đ
Sicilian À Â È Ê
Slovak [24] Á Ä Č Ď É
Slovenian Č
Sorbian Ć Č Ě
Spanish [25] Á É
Swedish [21] Ä Å
Turkish Â Ç Ğ
Vietnamese [26] Á À Â Ă Ã Đ É È Ê
Volapük Ä
Walloon [27] Â Å Ç É È Ê
Welsh [28] Á À Â Ä É È Ê Ë

Derived Latin letters in various languages (H–P)
Alphabet Ĥ Ħ I Í Ì İ Î Ï Ǐ Ĭ Ī Ĩ Į IJ Ĵ Ķ Ƙ Ļ Ł Ń Ň Ñ Ņ Ŋ Ó Ò Ô Ö Ǒ Ŏ Ō Õ Ő Ø Ơ Œ
ĥ ħ ı í ì i î ï ǐ ĭ ī ĩ į ij ĵ ķ ƙ ļ ł ń ň ñ ņ ŋ ó ò ô ö ǒ ŏ ō õ ő ø ơ œ
Latin [2] Ĭ Ī Ŏ Ō Œ
Afrikaans Í Î Ï Ó Ô
Albanian [3]
Azeri ı İ Ö
Basque [4] Ñ
Belarusian [5] Ł Ń
Catalan [6] Í Ï Ó Ò
Corsican [31] Ì
Croatian [7]
Czech [8] Í Ň Ó
Danish [9] Ø
Dutch [10] Ï IJ Ö
Esperanto Ĥ Ĵ
Estonian Ö Õ
Faroese Í Ó Ø
Filipino [11] Ñ
Finnish Ö
French [12] Î Ï Ô Œ
Friulian Ì Î Ò Ô
Galician [33] Í Ñ Ó
German [13] Ö
Greenlandic Ø
Guaraní [14] Í Î Ĩ Ñ Ó Õ
Hausa [30] Ƙ
Hungarian [15] Í Ó Ö Ő
Icelandic Í Ó Ö
Irish [16] Í Ó
Italian [17] Ì Î Ò
Kabyle
Kashubian Ł Ń Ó Ò Ô
Kurdish Î
Latvian [18] Ī Ķ Ļ Ņ
Lithuanian [19] Į
Maltese [20] Ħ Ì Ò
Northern Sami Ŋ
Norwegian [9] Ø
Pinyin [32] Í Ì Ǐ Ī Ó Ò Ǒ Ō
Polish [22] Ł Ń Ó
Portuguese [23] Í Ó Ô Õ
Romaji Ī Ō
Romani [29]
Romanian Î
Scots Gaelic Ì Ò
Serbian [7]
Sicilian Ì Î Ò Ô
Slovak [24] Í Ň Ó Ô
Slovenian
Sorbian Ł Ń Ó
Spanish [25] Í Ñ Ó
Swedish [21] Ö
Turkish ı İ Î Ö
Vietnamese [26] Í Ì Ĩ Ó Ò Ô Õ Ơ
Volapük Ö
Walloon [27] Î Ô
Welsh [28] Í Ì Î Ï Ó Ò Ô Ö

Derived Latin letters in various languages (Q–Z)
Alphabet Ŕ Ř Ś Ŝ Š Ş Ť Ţ Þ Ŧ Ú Ù Û Ü Ǔ Ŭ Ū Ũ Ů Ų Ű Ư Ẃ Ẁ Ŵ Ẅ Ý Ỳ Ŷ Ÿ Ỹ Ƴ Ź Ż Ž
ŕ ř ś ŝ š ş ß ť ţ þ ŧ ú ù û ü ǔ ŭ ū ũ ů ų ű ư ẃ ẁ ŵ ẅ ý ỳ ŷ ÿ ỹ ƴ ź ż ž
Latin [2] Ŭ Ū
Afrikaans Ú Û Ý
Albanian [3]
Azeri Ş Ü
Basque [4]
Belarusian [5] Ś Š Ŭ Ź Ž
Catalan [6] Ú Ü
Corsican [31] Ù
Croatian [7] Š Ž
Czech [8] Ř Š Ť Ú Ů Ý Ž
Danish [9]
Dutch [10] Ü
Esperanto Ŝ Ŭ
Estonian Š Ü Ž
Faroese Ú Ý
Filipino [11]
Finnish
French [12] Ù Û Ü Ÿ
Friulian Ù Û
Galician [33] Ú Ü
German [13] ß Ü
Greenlandic
Guaraní [14] Ú Ű Ý Ỹ
Hausa [30] Ƴ
Hungarian [15] Ú Ü Ű
Icelandic Þ Ú Ý
Irish [16] Ú
Italian [17] Ù
Kabyle Ţ Ż
Kashubian Ù Ż
Kurdish Ş Û
Latvian [18] Š Ū Ž
Lithuanian [19] Š Ū Ų Ž
Luxembourgish [13] Ü
Maltese [20] Ù Ż
Northern Sami Š Ŧ Ž
Norwegian [9]
Pinyin [32] Ú Ù Ü Ǔ Ū
Polish [22] Ś Ź Ż
Portuguese [23] Ú Ü
Romaji Ū
Romani [29] Š Ž
Romanian Ş Ţ
Scots Gaelic Ù
Serbian [7] Š Ž
Sicilian Ù Û
Slovak [24] Ŕ Š Ť Ú Ý Ž
Slovenian Š Ž
Sorbian Ŕ Ř Ś Š Ź Ž
Spanish [25] Ú Ü
Swedish
Turkish Ş Û Ü
Vietnamese [26] Ú Ù Ũ Ư Ý Ỳ Ỹ
Volapük Ü
Walloon [27] Û
Welsh [28] Ú Ù Û Ü Ẃ Ẁ Ŵ Ẅ Ý Ỳ Ŷ Ÿ

  • ↑↑↑↑ In classical Latin, the digraphs CH, PH, RH, TH were used in loanwords from Greek, but they were not included in the alphabet. The ligatures Æ, Œ and W, as well as lowercase letters, were added to the alphabet only in Middle Ages. The letters J and U were used as typographical variants of I and V, respectively, roughly until the Enlightenment.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Albanian also has the digraphs dh, gj, ll, nj, rr, sh, th, xh, zh.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Basque has the digraphs: dd, rr, ts, tt, tx, tz.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Belarusian Łacinka also has the digraphs: ch, dz, dź, dž.
  • ↑↑↑ Catalan also has the digraphs: ll, ny, l·l, rr, ss, dz, tz, ig, ix, gu, (gü), qu, (qü), nc.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Corsican has the trigraphs: chj, ghj.
  • ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑ Croatian also has the digraphs: dž, lj, nj. It can also be written with four tone markers above on top of the vowels. Note that Croatian Latin is the same as Serbian Latin and they both map 1:1 to Serbian Cyrillic, where digraphs map to Cyrillic letters џ, љ and њ, respectively.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Czech also has the digraph: ch.
  • ↑↑↑↑↑↑ The Norwegian alphabet is currently identical with the Danish alphabet, but lately, it has been humoristically proposed to add the letter Kjell to the Norwegian alphabet (after the letter L), so that the sound which is commonly spelled kj or tj may be written with a single letter. Norwegian and Danish uses é in "én" and more uses, although é is considered a diacritic mark, while æ and ø are letters.
  • ↑↑↑ The status of ij as a letter in Dutch is disputed.
  • ↑↑↑ Filipino also uses the digraph ng.
  • ↑↑↑ In standard French, uppercase diacritics are never obligatory, but always the good style. Many pairs or triplets are read as digraphs or trigraphs depending on context, but are not treated as such lexicographically: consonnants ph, (ng), th, gu/gü, qu, ce, ch/(sh/sch), rh; vocal vowels (ee), ai/ay, ei/ey, eu, au/eau, ou; nasal vowels ain/aim, in/im/ein, un/um/eun, an/am, en/em, om/on; the half-consonant -(i)ll-; half-consonant and vowel pairs oi, oin/ouin, ien, ion. When rules that govern the French orthography are not observed, they are read as separate letters, or using an approximating phonology of a foreign language for loan words, and there are many exceptions. In addition, most final consonnants are mute (including those consonnants that are part of feminine, plural, and conjugating désinences). Accents on uppercase letters are generally obligatory in Canada.
  • ↑↑↑ German also retains most original letters in French loan words. Swiss German does not use ß any more. The long s (ſ) was in use until the mid-20th century. Sch is usually not treated like a true trigraph, neither are ch and qu digraphs. Q only appears in the sequence qu, y only (and x almost only) in loan words.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Galician. The standard of 1982 set also the digraphs gu, qu (both always before e and i), ch, ll, nh and rr. In addition, the standard of 2003 added the grapheme ao as an alternative writing of ó. However not marked (or forgotten) in the list of diacritics, they are used to represent the same sound, so the sequence ao should be considered as a diacritic. Note also that nh represents a velar nasal (not a palatal as in Portuguese) and is restricted only to three feminine words, being either demonstrative or pronoun: unha ('a' and 'one'), algunha ('some') and ningunha ('not one'). The Galician reintegracionismo movement uses it as in Portuguese.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Guaraní also uses tilde over e, i, y, and g (the last one not available precomposed in Unicode), as well as digraphs ch, mb, nd, ng, nt, rr and the glottal stop ' .
  • ↑↑↑↑ Hausa has the digraphs: sh, ts.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Hungarian also has the digraphs: cs, dz, gy, ly, ny, sz, ty, zs; and the trigraph: dzs.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Irish formerly used the dot diacritic in ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ. These have been replaced by the digraphs: bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th except for in formal instances.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Italian also has the digraphs: ch, gh, gn, gl, sc. J,K,X,Y are used for foreign names.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Latvian also has the digraphs: dz, dž, ie, as well as the triphthongal letter o. Dz and dž are occasionally considered separate letters of the alphabet in more archaic examples (which have been published as recently as the 1950s,) however modern alphabets and teachings discourage this due to an ongoing effort to set decisive rules for Latvian (and eliminate barbaric words accumulated during the Soviet occupation.) The digraph "ie" is never considered a separate letter. The Latvian o is also the only single-letter triphthong in any language—in one letter it has the three vowel sounds u, o, and a, which combine into uoa.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Lithuanian also has the digraphs: ch, dz, dž, ie, uo. However, these are not considered separate letters of the alphabet.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Maltese also has the digraphs: ie, għ.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Pinyin has four tone markers that can go on top of the any of the six vowels (a, e, i, o, u, ü); e.g.: macron (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ǖ), acute accent (á, é, í, ó, ú, ǘ), caron (ǎ, ě, ǐ, ǒ, ǔ, ǚ), grave accent (à, è, ì, ò, ù, ǜ). It also uses the digraphs: ch, sh, zh.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Polish also has the digraphs: ch, cz, dz, dż, dź, sz, rz.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Portuguese also uses the digraphs ch, lh, nh, ou, rr, ss. The trema on ü is currently only used in Brazilian Portuguese. Neither the digraphs nor accented letters are considered part of the alphabet.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Romani has the digraphs: čh, dž, kh, ph, th.
  • ↑↑↑ Slovak also has the digraphs: dz, dž, ch and unique letters Ľ/ľ, Ĺ/ĺ.
  • ↑↑↑ Spanish uses several digraphs to represented single sounds: ch, gu (preceding e or i), ll, qu, rr; of these, the digraphs ch and ll were traditionally considered individual letters with their own name (che, elle) and place in the alphabet (after c and l, respectively), but in order to facilitate international compatibility the Royal Spanish Academy decided to cease this practice in 1994 and all digraphs are now collated as combinations of two separate characters. The c-cedilla ç used earlier has been replaced completely by z.
  • ↑ Swedish uses é for well integrated loan words like idé and armé, although é is considered a modified e, while å, ä, ö are letters. á and à are rarely used words. Q, w, ü, è are used for names only, but exist in Swedish names. For foreign names è, ë, ñ and more are sometimes used, but usually not. Swedish has many digraphs and some trigraphs. dj,lj,rs,rl,sj,sk,si,ti,sch,skj,stj and others are usually pronunced as one sound.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Vietnamese has five tone markers that can go on top (or below) any of the 12 vowels (a, ă, â, e, ê, i, o, ô, ơ, u, ư, y); e.g.: grave accent (à, ằ, ầ, è, ề, ì, ò, ồ, ờ, ù, ừ, ỳ), hook above (ả, ẳ, ẩ, ẻ, ể, ỉ, ỏ, ổ, ở, ủ, ử, ỷ), tilde (ã, ẵ, ẫ, ẽ, ễ, ĩ, õ, ỗ, ỡ, ũ, ữ, ỹ), acute accent (á, ắ, ấ, é, ế, í, ó, ố, ớ, ú, ứ, ý), and dot below (ạ, ặ, ậ, ẹ, ệ, ị, ọ, ộ, ợ, ụ, ự, ỵ). It also uses the digraphs and trigraphs: ch, gi, kh, ng, ngh, nh, ph, th, tr, but they are no longer considered letters.
  • ↑↑↑↑ Walloon has the digraphs and trigraphs: ae, ch, dj, ea, jh, oe, oen, oi, sch, sh, tch, xh; the letter x is only used in xh digraph, the letter j is almost only used in dj and jh digraphs
  • ↑↑↑↑ Welsh has the digraphs ch, dd, ff, ng, ll, ph, rh, th. It also occasionally uses circumflexes, diaereses, acute accents and grave accents on its seven vowels (a, e, i, o, u, w, y), but accented characters are not regarded as separate letters of the alphabet.

  1. ^ Based on answer to 19th comment in the talk page.
  2. ^ As defined in ISO/IEC 646 based on ASCII which was based on the 26 letters of the English alphabet and previous telecommunication standards, and used in later ISO standards, see Latin characters in Unicode.

The ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabets_derived_from_the_Latin"
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