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American Jews
Ruth Bader Ginsburg • Albert Einstein • Bob Dylan
Total population
7,000,000 2.5% of the US population
Regions with significant populations
New York City, All along the BosWash Megalopolis in the Northeastern United States, South Florida, the West Coast (especially the Los Angeles and San Francisco areas), the Chicago-Milwaukee corridor, the eastern and Great Lakes region and Las Vegas areas
Language(s)
Traditional Jewish languages Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, and other Jewish languages (most endangered, and some now extinct) Liturgical Languages Hebrew and Aramaic Predominant and Spoken Languages American English, Hebrew, Yiddish, Russian
Religion(s)
Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Sephardi Jews

American Jews, or Jewish Americans, are Jews who are American citizens or resident aliens. The United States is home to the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world depending on religious definitions and varying population data.

The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews who emigrated from Central and Eastern Europe, and their US-born descendents. There are, however, small numbers of older (and some recently arrived) communities of Sephardic Jews with roots tracing back to 15th century Iberia (Spain, Portugal, and North Africa), and Mizrahi Jews (from the Middle East, Caucasia and Central Asia), as well as much smaller numbers of Ethiopian Jews, Indian Jews, Kaifeng Jews and others from various smaller Jewish ethnic divisions. The Jewish community in America, therefore, manifests a wide range of cultural traditions, as well as encompassing the full spectrum of religious observance, from the ultra-Orthodox Haredi communities to Jews who are entirely secular.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Politics and civil rights 1.2 Holocaust 1.3 International affairs 2 Population 2.1 Assimilation and population changes 3 Religion 4 Education 5 Jewish American culture 5.1 Food 5.2 Language 5.3 Jewish American literature 6 Notable American Jews 6.1 Popular culture 6.2 Government and military 6.3 Science, business, and academia 7 Distribution of Jewish-Americans 8 Major Jewish-American communities 9 Notes and references 10 Bibliography 11 External links

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Main article: History of the Jews in the United States

Jews have been present in what is today the United States of America as early as the seventeenth century, if not earlier, though they were small in numbers and almost exclusively Sephardic Jewish immigrants of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry.[5][6] Until about 1830 Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America. Large scale Jewish immigration, however, did not commence until the nineteenth century, when, by mid-century, many secular Ashkenazi Jews from Germany arrived in the United States, primarily becoming merchants and shop-owners. There were approximately 250,000 Jews in the United States by 1880, many of them being the educated, and largely secular, German Jews, although a minority population of the older Sephardic Jewish families remained influential.

As a result of persecution in parts of Eastern Europe, Jewish immigration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, with most of the new immigrants also being Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, though mostly from the poor rural populations of the Russian Empire (including the Russian-controlled portions of the former Duchy of Warsaw–see History of the Jews in Poland), many of them coming from the Pale of Settlement (modern Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova ). Over 2,000,000 arrived between the late nineteenth century and 1924, when immigration restrictions increased due to the National Origins Quota of 1924 and Immigration Act of 1924. Most settled in New York City and its immediate environs (New Jersey, etc.), establishing what became one of the world's major concentrations of Jewish population.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, these newly-arrived Jews built support networks consisting of many small synagogues and Ashkenazi Jewish Landsmannschaften (German for "Territorial Associations") for Jews from the same town or village. Jewish American writers of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture, and Jews quickly became part of American life. 500,000 American Jews (or half of all Jewish males between 18 and 50) fought in World War II, and after the war Jewish families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated as rising intermarriage rates combined with a trend towards secularization. At the same time, new centers of Jewish communities formed, as Jewish school enrollment more than doubled between the end of World War II and the mid-1950s, while synagogue affiliation jumped from 20% in 1930 to 60% in 1960.

The German Jews were primarily Republicans.^{[citation needed]} However the Yiddish speakers were either Socialists (especially if they were connected with the garment industry^{[citation needed]}), Communist or nonpolitical until the 1930s^{[citation needed]}. Polls showed Jews gave 90% support to Democrats Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman in the elections of 1940, 1944 and 1948^{[citation needed]}. They gave about a third of their vote to Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956^{[citation needed]}. In 1960 Jews voted 83% for Catholic Democrat John F. Kennedy^{[citation needed]}. In 1964, when the Republicans nominated a strongly conservative candidate, Barry Goldwater, who was of partial Jewish descent, 90% of Jews voted for his opponent.^[1] Since 1968 Jews have voted about 70%-80% Democratic, surging to 87% for Democratic House candidates in 2006.^[2] After the 2006 elections there were 13 Jews in the Senate (out of 100 members)^[3], of whom two (Norm Coleman and Arlen Specter) were Republicans, and 30 in the House (out of 435 members)^[4], only one of whom (Eric Cantor) was a Republican.

Jews participated in movements for civil rights for all United States citizens, including themselves, homosexuals and African Americans. Seymour Siegel argues the historic struggle against prejudice faced by Jews led to a natural sympathy for any people confronting discrimination. This further led Jews to dialogue about the relationship they had with African Americans. Joachim Prinz, president of the American Jewish Congress, stated the following at the March on Washington on August 28, 1963: "As Jews we bring to this great demonstration, in which thousands of us proudly participate, a twofold experience—one of the spirit and one of our history"^[5] Yet there was dissension within Judaism about this civil rights involvement. Rabbi Bernard Wienberger exemplified this point of view, warning that "northern liberal Jews" put at risk southern Jews who faced hostility from white southerners because of their northern counterparts. Jewish responses to the civil rights movement and black relations lean toward acceptance and activism against prejudice, demonstrating the important role that this community played in race relations during the 1960s.^[6]

The Holocaust had a profound impact on the community in the United States, especially after 1945, as Jews tried to comprehend what had happened, and especially to commemorate and grapple with it when looking to the future. Abraham Joshua Heschel summarized this dilemma when he attempted to understand Auschwitz: "To try to answer is to commit a supreme blasphemy. Israel enables us to bear the agony of Auschwitz without radical despair, to sense a ray [of] God's radiance in the jungles of history."^[7]

Jews began taking a special interest in international affairs in the early twentieth century, especially regarding pogroms in Imperial Russia, and restrictions on immigration in the 1920s. Large-scale boycotts of German merchandize were organized during the 1930s. Franklin D. Roosevelt's domestic and foreign policies received strong Jewish support in the 1930s and 1940s, as did the subsequent founding of the United Nations. The founding of Israel in 1948 made the Middle East a center of attention, however a lively internal debate commenced, following the Six-Day War. The American Jewish community was divided over whether or not they agreed with the Israeli response; the great majority came to accept the war as necessary. A tension existed especially for leftist Jews, between their liberal ideology and Zionist backing in the midst of this conflict. This deliberation about the Six-Day War showed the depth and complexity of Jewish responses to the varied events of the 1960s^[8], and the subject remains fodder for deep divisions among American Jews to this day.

The Jewish population of the United States is one of the largest in the world.

Precise population figures vary depending on whether Jews are accounted for based on halakhic considerations, or secular, political and ancestral identification factors. There were about 4 million adherents of Judaism in the U.S. as of 2001, approximately 30.4% of the US population.^[9] The community self-identifying as Jewish by birth, irrespective of halakhic (unbroken maternal line of Jewish descent or formal Jewish conversion) status, numbers about 7 million, or 2.5% of the US population. According to the Jewish Agency, for the year 2007 Israel is home to 5.4 million Jews (40.9% of the world's Jewish population), while the United States contained 5.3 million (40.2%).^[10] The Jewish Agency's figure for Israel, however, included those who do not consider themselves Jews and those who are not Jewish by halakha (including a large number of Russians who immigrated under the Law of Return but are not technically Jewish by any authoritative definition), while the estimate for the US and other countries did not include such people.

The most recent large scale population survey, released in the 2006 American Jewish Yearbook population survey estimates place the number of American Jews at 6.4 million, or approximately 2.1% of the total population. This figure is significantly higher than the previous large scale survey estimate, conducted by the 2000-2001 National Jewish Population estimates, which estimated 5.2 million Jews. A 2007 study released by the Steinhardt Social Research Institute (SSRI) at Brandeis University presents evidence to suggest that both of these figures may be underestimations with a potential 7.0-7.4 million Americans of Jewish decent.^[11] Jews in the U.S. settled largely in and near the major cities. The Ashkenazi Jews, who are now the vast majority of American Jews, settled first in the Northeast and Midwest but in recent decades increasingly in the South and West. In descending order, the metropolitan areas with the highest Jewish populations are New York City (1,750,000), Miami (535,000), Los Angeles (490,000), Philadelphia (285,000), Chicago (265,000), San Francisco (210,000), Boston (208,000), and Baltimore-Washington (165,000). Although New York is the second largest Jewish population center in the world, after the Gush Dan metropolitan area in Israel[7], the Miami metropolitan area has a slightly greater Jewish population on a per-capita basis (9.9% compared to metropolitan New York's 9.3%). Several other major cities have over 5% Jewish proportions, including Cleveland, Baltimore, and St. Louis. Miami and Los Angeles have long been major centers. Smaller, but growing numbers are found in Houston, Dallas, Phoenix, Charlotte, and especially Atlanta and Las Vegas. In many metropolitan areas, the majority of Jewish families live in suburban areas. In Detroit, for example, the Jewish population is particularly concentrated in suburban Oakland County.

Jewish Texans have been a part of Texas History since the first European explorers arrived in the 1500s. [8] By 1990, there are around 108,000 adherents to Judaism in Texas. [9]

The Israeli community in America is less widespread. The four significant Israeli immigrant communities in the United States are in Los Angeles (approximately 150,000), New York City (162,000), Miami (105,000), and Chicago (50,000).^{[citation needed]}

Immigrant Soviet Jews began arriving after the Jackson-Vanik laws of the 1970s and are heavily concentrated in New York City, Houston, Dallas, San Francisco, Baltimore, Los Angeles and many other large American cities, although these Russian Jews can be found throughout the US in cities even with very small Jewish populations.

Persian Jews began arriving to the United States in large numbers in the late 1970s before the Islamic Revolution and most of them settled in Los Angeles and Great Neck on Long Island. Most Bukharian Jews arrived after the Collapse of the Soviet Union to New York City, Atlanta, Arizona, etc.

According to the 2001 undertaking of the National Jewish Population Survey, 4.3 million American Jews have some sort of strong connection to the Jewish community, whether religious or cultural.

The same social and cultural characteristics of the United States of America that facilitated the extraordinary economic, political, and social success of the American Jewish community have also been attributed to contributing to widespread assimilation, ^[12] a controversial and significant issue in the modern American Jewish community. While not all Jews disapprove of intermarriage, many members of the Jewish community have become concerned that the high rate of interfaith marriage will result in the eventual disappearance of the American Jewish community.

Intermarriage rates have risen from roughly 6% in 1950 to approximately 40%-50% in the year 2000.[10][11] Only about 33% of intermarried couples raise their children with a Jewish religious upbringing.^{[citation needed]} This, in combination with the comparatively low birthrate in the Jewish community, has led to a 5% decline in the Jewish population of the United States in the 1990s.[12]. In addition to this, when compared with the general American population, the American Jewish community is slightly older. [13]

Despite the fact that only 33% of intermarried couples provide their children with a Jewish upbringing, doing so is more common among intermarried families raise their children in areas with high Jewish populations^{[citation needed]}, such as the greater New York City metropolitan area, Boston, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Detroit, Baltimore-Washington, Chicago, and Cleveland (which has the highest Jewish-American population per capita for smaller, major U.S. cities). In the Boston area, one study shows that 60% percent of children of intermarriages are being raised as Jews by religion; giving the perception that intermarriage is contributing to a net increase in the number of Jews.[14] As well, some children raised through intermarriage rediscover and embrace their Jewish roots when they themselves marry and have children.

In contrast to the ongoing trends of assimilation, some communities within American Jewry, such as Orthodox Jews, have significantly higher birth rates and lower intermarriage rates, and are growing rapidly. The proportion of Jewish synagogue members who were Orthodox rose from 11% in 1971 to 21% in 2000, while the overall Jewish community declined in number. [15] This trend, however, is likely due at least as much to declining synagogue membership and practice among the non-Orthodox as to greater numbers of Orthodox.^{[citation needed]}

In 2000, there were 360,000 so-called "ultra-orthodox" (Haredi) Jews in USA (7.2%).^{[citation needed]} The figure for 2006 is estimated at 468,000 (9.4%). [16]

About half of the American Jews are considered to be religious. Out of this 2,831,000 religious Jewish population, 92% are White, 5% Hispanic (Mostly Argentine Ashkenazim), 1% Asian (Mostly Bukharian and Persian Jews), 1% Black and 1% Other (Mixed Race.etc). Almost this many mon-religious Jews exist in United States, the proportion of Whites being higher than that among the religious population.^[13]

Jewishness is generally considered an ethnic identity as well as a religious one.

Jewish religious practice in America is quite varied. Among the 4.3 million American Jews described as "strongly connected" to Judaism, over 80% have some sort of active engagement with Judaism, ranging from attendance at daily prayer services on one end of the spectrum to as little as attendance Passover Seders or lighting Hanukkah candles on the other.

The survey^{[citation needed]} found that of the 4.3 million strongly connected Jews, 46% belong to a synagogue. Among those who belong to a synagogue, 38% are members of Reform synagogues, 33% Conservative, 22% Orthodox, 2% Reconstructionist, and 5% other types. The survey discovered that Jews in the Northeast and Midwest are generally more observant than Jews in the South or West. Reflecting a trend also observed among other religious groups, Jews in the Northwestern United States are typically the least observant.

In recent years, there has been a noticeable trend of secular American Jews, called baalei teshuva ("returners", see also Repentance in Judaism), returning to a more religious, in most cases, Orthodox, style of observance. It is uncertain how widespread or demographically important this movement is at present.

The great majority of school-age Jewish students attend public schools, although Jewish day schools and yeshivas are to be found throughout the country. Jewish cultural studies and Hebrew language instruction is also commonly offered at synagogues in the form of supplementary Hebrew schools or Sunday schools.

Until the 1950s, a quota system at elite colleges and universities limited the number of Jewish students. Before 1945, only a few Jewish professors were permitted as instructors at elite universities. In 1941, anti-Semitism drove Milton Friedman from a non-tenured assistant professorship at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.^[14] Harry Levin became the first Jewish full professor in the Harvard English department in 1943, but the Economics department decided not to hire Paul Samuelson in 1948. Harvard hired its first Jewish biochemists in 1954.^[15]

Today, American Jews no longer face the discrimination in college admissions that they did in the past. By 1986, a third of the presidents of the elite undergraduate clubs at Harvard were Jewish,^[14] and Paul Samuelson's nephew, Lawrence Summers, became President of Harvard University in 2001. According to estimates from Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life, Jews make up well over one-fifth of the student body in America's most prominent institutions of higher learning:

Public Universities Rank University Enrollment for Jewish Students (est.)[16]  % of Student body Undergraduate Enrollment 1 Bowling Green State University University of Florida 5,400 21% 15% 25,140 34,612 2 Rutgers University 5,000 13% 37,072 3 University of Central Florida 4,500 11% 39,545 4 University of Michigan Pennsylvania State University Indiana University University of Wisconsin-Madison 4,000 16% 10% 10% 14% 25,555 36,612 32,000 28,462 5 California State University, Northridge Florida State University University of Texas, Austin 3,800 14% 9% 10% 26,854 40,474 36,878 6 University at Albany Florida International University 3,500 31% 9% 12,013 39,500

Private Universities Rank University Enrollment of Jewish Student (est.)[17] % of Student body Undergraduate Enrollment 1 New York University 6,500 33% 19,401 2 Boston University 4,000 20% 15,981 3 Cornell University 3,500 25% 13,515 4 University of Miami 3,100 22% 14,000 5 The George Washington University University of Pennsylvania Yeshiva University 2,800 31% 30% 99% 10,394 9,718 2,803 6 Syracuse University 2,500 20% 12,500 7 Columbia University Emory University Harvard University Tulane University 2,000 29% 30% 30% 30% 6,819 6,510 6,715 6,533 8 Brandeis University[18] Northwestern University[19] Washington University in St. Louis[20] 1,800 56% 23% 29% 3,158 7,826 6,097

See also: Secular Jewish culture

Since the time of the last major wave of Jewish immigration to America (over 2,000,000 Eastern European Jews who arrived between 1890 and 1924), Jewish secular culture in the United States has become integrated in almost every important way with the broader American culture. Many aspects of Jewish American culture have, in turn, become part of the wider culture of the United States.

Several staples of Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine have been adopted into mainstream American culture; bagels and lox (cured salmon) are examples, and to a lesser extent, corned beef and pastrami. Initially, they were adopted as part of New York City's culture, and then spread to the rest of America. For example, bagels have been a staple of New Yorkers - both Jewish and non-Jewish - for decades, but did not gain widespread acceptance in other parts of the country until the 1980s. Archaeologists have studied changes in the foodways of immigrant Jews in California.^[21]

Although almost all American Jews are today native English-speakers, a variety of other languages are still spoken within some American Jewish communities, communities which are representative of the various Jewish ethnic divisions from around the world that have come together to make up America's Jewish population.

Many of America's Hasidic Jews (being exclusively of Ashkenazi descent) are raised speaking Yiddish. Yiddish was once spoken as the primary language by most of the several million European Jews who immigrated to the United States (it was, in fact, the original language in which The Forward was published). Yiddish has had an influence on American English, and words borrowed from it include chutzpah ("effrontery", "gall"), nosh ("snack"), schlep ("drag"), schmuck ("fool", literally "penis"), and, depending on ideolect, hundreds of other terms. (See also Yinglish.)

The Persian Jewish community in the United States, notably the large community in and around Los Angeles and Beverly Hills, California, primarily speak Persian (see also Judeo-Persian) in the home and synagogue. They also support their own Persian language newspapers. Persian Jews also reside in eastern parts of New York such as Kew Gardens and Great Neck, Long Island.

Many recent Jewish immigrants from Russia and Ukraine speak primarily Russian at home, and there are several notable communities where public life and business are carried out mainly in Russian, such as in Brighton Beach in New York City.

American Bukharian Jews speak Bukhori (a dialect of Persian) and Russian. They publish their own newspapers such as the Bukharian Times and a large portion live in Queens, New York. Forest Hills in the New York City borough of Queens is home to 108th Street, which is called by some "Bukharian Broadway"[17], a reference to the many stores and restaurants found on and around the street that have Bukharian influences. Many Bukharians are also represented in parts of Arizona, Miami, Florida, and areas of Southern California such as San Diego.

Classical Hebrew is the language of most Jewish religious literature, such as the Tanakh (Bible) and Siddur (prayerbook). Modern Hebrew is also the primary official language of the modern State of Israel, which further encourages many to learn it as a second language. Some recent Israeli immigrants to America speak Hebrew as their primary language.

Some of the Jews in Miami and Los Angeles, the second largest Jewish community in the United States, immigrated from the countries of Latin America. Many of these Hispanic Jews (many of them of Sephardic origin dating back to the Spanish and Portuguese colonial era, but also many of Ashkenazi descent from recent Central and Eastern European immigration to Latin America) speak Spanish in the home, and some have intermarried with the non-Jewish Hispanic population. Recent Jews from Spain and among their descendants speak Spanish. Spanish may be spoken by other Jews with ancestry outside Spain and Latin America living in areas near predominantly Hispanic populations. There are a large number of synagogues in the Miami area that give services in Spanish. Many Luso-Jews with origin from Brazil and Portugal (Sephardic Jews but including in Brazil, Sephardic Jews with Spanish origin, Ashkenazi, and Mizrahi) speak Portuguese in home. There is also a synagogue in Miami's Little Haiti neighborhood which conducts services in Haitian Creole.^{[citation needed]}

There are a handful of older European immigrant communities that still speak Ladino.

Main article: Jewish American literature

Although American Jews have contributed greatly to American arts overall (see the following section), there remains a distinctly Jewish American literature. Generally exploring the experience of being a Jew, especially a Jew in America, and the conflicting pulls of secular society and history, the literary traditions of Philip Roth, Saul Bellow, Chaim Potok, Leon Uris, Herman Wouk, Cynthia Ozick and Bernard Malamud all fall into this category. Younger authors (e.g., Paul Auster, Lisa Crystal Carver, Allegra Goodman, Gary Shteyngart, Michael Chabon and Jonathan Safran Foer) continue this view of Jewish American literature, examining the Holocaust, and the meaning of being an American Jew.

Actors and actresses · Writers · Artists · Musicians · Show business figures · Sportspeople

Many individual Jews have made significant contributions to American popular culture. There have been many Jewish American actors and performers, ranging from early 1900s actors like Carmel Myers, Fanny Brice and the first cowboy film star, Broncho Billy Anderson, to classic Hollywood film stars like Lauren Bacall, Kirk Douglas, Tony Curtis, and culminating in many currently known actors, including Sarah Michelle Gellar, Winona Ryder, Alicia Silverstone, Natalie Portman, Sarah Jessica Parker, Kate Hudson, Scarlett Johansson, Zac Efron, Evan Rachel Wood, Adrien Brody, Lisa Kudrow, Ben Stiller, Adam Sandler, Jerry Seinfeld, Larry David, Bahar Soomekh,Sara Paxton, Jake Gyllenhaal and Maggie Gyllenhaal, amongst others. Many of the early Hollywood moguls and pioneers were Jewish, such as Samuel Goldwyn, Louis B. Mayer, William Fox, Jesse L. Lasky, Carl Laemmle, Marcus Loew, Adolph Zukor, and the original Warner Brothers. The characteristically Jewish field of American comedy includes the Marx Brothers, Milton Berle, Bea Arthur, Mel Brooks, Woody Allen, Joan Rivers, and Gilda Radner. The legacy also includes songwriters as diverse as Irving Berlin, Burt Bacharach, Arlo Guthrie, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman (aka "The Sherman Brothers"), Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, Jeff Barry, Lou Reed, and Paul Simon and writers as diverse as J.D. Salinger, Joseph Heller, E.L. Doctorow, Lillian Hellman, Allen Ginsberg, Isaac Asimov, and Harlan Ellison, in addition to the authors listed above. On the countercultural and radical political front, Jewish hippies Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, with help from Allen Ginsberg, formed the controversial Youth International Party ("Yippies"), and the four main organizers of the 1969 Woodstock Festival concert were all Jewish, as was Max Yasgur, the man on whose farm the legendary concert took place. In addition, master sound mixer and producer Eddie Kramer was Jewish, as is Bob Dylan, born Robert Allen Zimmerman, his first wife, Sara and sons Jesse and Jakob. However, Bob Dylan converted to Christianity in the late 1970s but returned to his Jewish roots in the 1980s.

Politicians · Military figures

Since 1845, a total of 29 Jews have served in the Senate, including present-day senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY), Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ), Arlen Specter (R-PA), Norm Coleman (R-MN), Russ Feingold and Herb Kohl (both D-WI), Barbara Boxer and Dianne Feinstein (both D-CA), Carl Levin (D-MI), Ron Wyden (D-OR), and Joe Lieberman (Independent-CT). In 2007, the number of Jews in the Senate rose to thirteen with the additional of Bernie Sanders (I-VT) and Ben Cardin (D-MD). The number of Jews elected to the House rose to an all time high of 30. Seven Jews have been appointed on the United States Supreme Court.

Sixteen American Jews have been awarded the Medal of Honor. Judah P. Benjamin was a member of the Confederate cabinet.

The Manhattan Project, America's World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb, included the contributions of American Jewish physicists, many of whom were refugees from Hitler's Germany or from anti-semitic persecution in other European nations: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Richard P. Feynman, Wolfgang Pauli, Leo Szilard, Albert Einstein, John von Neumann, Isidor I. Rabi, Edward Teller, Eugene Wigner, Otto Frisch, Samuel Goudsmit, Jerome Karle, Stanisław Ulam, Robert Serber, Louis Slotin, Walter Zinn, Robert Marshak, Felix Bloch, Emilio G. Segrè, James Franck, Joseph Joffe, Eugene Rabinowitch, Hy Goldsmith, Samuel Cohen, Victor F. Weisskopf, and David Bohm. Hans Bethe and Niels Bohr both had Jewish mothers, which also necessitated their fleeing from Nazi-occupied lands during the war.

Scientists · Businesspeople · Academics

Ashkenazi Jews have traditionally been drawn to business and academia (see Secular Jewish culture for some of the causes), and have made major contributions in science, economics, and the humanities. Of American Nobel Prize winners, 37% have been Jewish Americans (19 times the percentage of Jews in the population), as have been 71% of the John Bates Clark Medal winners (thirty-five times the Jewish percentage). While Jewish Americans only constitute roughly 2.5% of the U.S. population, they occupied 7.7% of board seats at U.S. corporations.^[22]

Jewish American purchasing power was estimated at $375 billion (or 3% of the US economy) in 2005. Jewish Americans are more likely to be found in the finance and media industries than others.

According to the Glenmary Research Center, which publishes Religious Congregations and Membership in the United States [18], the 100 counties and independent cities in 2000 with the largest Jewish communities, based by percentage of total population, were:

(Alphabetically by state and region)

California
Northern California	Berkeley · Marin County · Oakland · Pleasanton · San Francisco · Santa Clara County · Walnut Creek
Southern California	Agoura Hills · Bel Air · Beverly Hills · Brentwood, Los Angeles · Burbank · Calabasas · Coachella Valley · Fairfax District, Los Angeles · Glendale · Irvine · Lake Forest · Newport Beach · Palm Springs · Pasadena · San Diego · San Fernando Valley (west and south) · Santa Monica · Sun City · Thousand Oaks · Ventura County · West Hollywood · Westlake Village · West Los Angeles

Colorado
Denver

Connecticut
Hamden · Stamford · West Hartford · Westport · Woodbridge

Florida
Central Florida	Ormond Beach
South Florida	Aventura · Bradenton · Boca Raton · Boynton Beach · Delray Beach · Fort Lauderdale · Golden Beach · Lake Worth · Miami Beach · Miami · Sarasota · Sunny Isles Beach · West Palm Beach

Georgia
Atlanta

Louisiana
New Orleans	Uptown

Illinois
Arlington Heights · Buffalo Grove · Chicago (Gold Coast · Hyde Park · West Rogers Park) · Deerfield · Des Plaines ·  · Highland Park · Lincolnwood · Long Grove · Morton Grove · Northbrook · Skokie ·

Maryland · District of Columbia
Baltimore · Owings Mills · Pikesville · Reisterstown · Aspen Hill · Bethesda · Chevy Chase · Gaithersburg · Kemp Mill · Kensington · Olney · Potomac · Rockville · Silver Spring · Takoma Park · Washington, D.C. · Wheaton · White Oak

Massachusetts
Boston · Brighton · Brookline · Lexington · Marblehead · Newton · Sharon · Sudbury · Wayland

Michigan
Ann Arbor · Detroit (Bloomfield Hills · Bloomfield Township · West Bloomfield · Farmington Hills · Huntington Woods · Oak Park · Southfield)

Minnesota
Minneapolis (St. Louis Park · Minnetonka) · St. Paul

Missouri
St. Louis (University City · Clayton · Ladue)

New Jersey[26]
Cherry Hill · East Brunswick · Edison · Elizabeth · Englewood · Fair Lawn · Highland Park · Lakewood · Livingston · Manalapan Township · Marlboro Township · Millburn · Morristown · Newark · South Orange · West Orange · Passaic · Short Hills · Springfield · Teaneck · Tenafly · Wayne · Woodcliff Lake · Englewood Cliffs · Paramus · Fort Lee · Westfield

New York
Long Island[26]	Baldwin · Bellmore · Dix Hills · East Hampton · "Five Towns" · Great Neck · Huntington · Jericho · Merrick · Massapequa · Oceanside · Old Bethpage · Plainview · Roslyn · Port Washington · Syosset  · West Hempstead
New York City[26]	Brooklyn	Bensonhurst · Borough Park · Brighton Beach · Brooklyn Heights · Coney Island · Crown Heights · Dyker Heights · Midwood · Prospect-Lefferts Gardens · Prospect Heights · Sheepshead Bay · Williamsburg
	Bronx	Castle Hill · City Island · Co-op City · Norwood · Pelham Gardens · Pelham Parkway · Riverdale · Van Cortlandt Park · Woodlawn
	Queens	Forest Hills · Kew Gardens · Little Neck · Fresh Meadows · Rego Park
	Manhattan	Lower East Side · Inwood · Midtown · Upper West Side, Manhattan
	Staten Island	Willowbrook · New Springville
Orange County	Kiryas Joel
Rockland County	Kaser · Monsey · Montebello · New City · New Square · Spring Valley · Suffern · Viola · Wesley Hills
Westchester County[26]	Chappaqua · Harrison · Hartsdale · Irvington · Larchmont · Mamaroneck · New Rochelle · Rye · Scarsdale · White Plains

North Carolina
Cary · Charlotte · Gastonia · Greensboro · Raleigh

Ohio
Cincinnati	Amberley · Blue Ash · Reading
Cleveland	Beachwood · Cleveland Heights · Lyndhurst · Moreland Hills · Orange · Pepper Pike · Shaker Heights · Solon · South Euclid · University Heights
Columbus	Bexley

Pennsylvania
Philadelphia	Cheltenham Township (Elkins Park) · Overbrook · Lower Merion Township (Bala Cynwyd · Gladwyne · Merion · Wynnewood) · Narberth · Oxford Circle · Rhawnhurst · Bustleton · Richboro · Spring House · Upper Dublin Township (Abington Township · Dresher · Fort Washington) · West Chester
Pittsburgh	Squirrel Hill

Texas
Dallas	North Dallas (Preston Hollow, Devonshire, Melshire Estates, Bluff View, Greenway Parks, Turtle Creek, Bent Tree, Far North Dallas) · Plano
Houston	Meyerland · Memorial · Maplewood · Braeburn · Inwood Forest · Addicks · Cypress · Jersey Village · Piney Point Village · Bunker Hill Village · Hedwig Village · Hilshire Village · Hunters Creek Village · West University Place · Sugar Land · Champions Forest · The Woodlands · Klein ·

Virginia
Alexandria · Fairfax · Falls Church

Washington
Bellevue · Mercer Island · Seattle  · Seward Park

Wisconsin
Bayside · Glendale · Fox Point · Mequon · Whitefish Bay (All in metro Milwaukee)

• Antler, Joyce., ed. Talking Back: Images of Jewish Women in American Popular Culture. 1998.
• Cohen, Naomi. Jews in Christian America: The Pursuit of Religious Equality. 1992.
• Cutler, Irving. The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb. 1995
• Diner, Hasia. The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 (2004) online
• Dinnerstein, Leonard. Antisemitism in America. 1994.
• Dollinger, Marc. Quest for Inclusion: Jews and Liberalism in Modern America. 2000.
• Eisen, Arnold M. The Chosen People in America: A Study in Jewish Religious Ideology. 1983.
• Glazer, Nathan. American Judaism. 2nd ed., 1989.
• Goren, Arthur. The Politics and Public Culture of American Jews. 1999.
• Gurock, Jeffrey S. From Fluidity to Rigidity: The Religious Worlds of Conservative and Orthodox Jews in Twentieth Century America. Jean and Samuel Frankel Center for Judaic Studies, 1998.
• Hyman, Paula, and Deborah Dash Moore, eds. Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. 1997
• Lederhendler, Eli. New York Jews and the Decline of Urban Ethnicity, 1950–1970. 2001
• Moore, Deborah Dash. To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L. A. 1994
• Moore, Deborah Dash. GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation (2006)
• Novick, Peter. The Holocaust in American Life. 1999.
• Raphael, Marc Lee. Judaism in America. Columbia U. Press, 2003. 234 pp.
• Sarna, Jonathan D. American Judaism Yale University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-300-10197-X 512pp
• Shapiro, Edward S. A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II. Jewish People in America, vol. 5. 1992.
• Sorin, Gerald. Tradition Transformed: The Jewish Experience in America. 1997.
• Staub, Michael E. ed. The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook University Press of New England, 2004; 371 pp. ISBN 1-58465-417-1 online review
• Svonkin, Stuart. Jews against Prejudice: American Jews and the Fight for Civil Liberties. 1997
• Waxman, Chaim I. "What We Don't Know about the Judaism of America's Jews." Contemporary Jewry (2002) 23: 72-95. Issn: 0147-1694 Uses survey data to map the religious beliefs of American Jews, 1973-2002.
• Wertheimer, Jack, ed. The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed. 1987.
• Whitfield, Stephen J. In Search of American Jewish Culture. 1999

• American Jewish Historical Society
• Short article on the archaeology of immigrant California Jews see Chapter 3.
• Resources > Jewish communities > America > Northern America The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• Feinstein Center. Comprehensive collection of links to Jewish American history, organizations, and issues.
• United Jewish Communities of North America. Also site of population survey statistics.
• Jews in America from the Jewish Virtual Library.
• Jewish-American Literature
• Thoughts About The Jewish People By American Thinkers
• Jewish-American History on the Web
• Jewish American Hall of Fame
• The Jewish Impact on America
• Jewish Success In The American Media
• 2000-01 National Jewish Population Survey
• 2005 Great Boston Jewish Community Study

American Jews

v • d • e Demographics of the United States

Demography of the United States · Demographic history Economic · Social Affluence · Educational attainment · Household income · Homeownership · Immigration · Income inequality · Language · Middle classes · Personal income · Poverty · Religion · Social class  · Unemployment by state · Wealth Race · Ethnicity · Ancestry Race and ethnicity in the United States Census · Maps of American ancestries · 2000 Census · Race/ethnicity by EEOC  · Racism Alaska Natives · Arab Americans · Asian Americans · African Americans · Africans in the United States · Hispanics in the United States · Native Americans · Pacific Islander Americans · White Americans · European Americans