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The American Kennel Club (or AKC) is a registry of purebred dog pedigrees in the United States. The AKC registered just over 900,000 dogs in 2006, of which the largest numbers were for the labrador retriever (123,760) and Yorkshire Terrier (48,346). Beyond maintaining its pedigree registry, this kennel club also promotes events for purebred dogs, including the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, an annual event which predates the official forming of the AKC, and the AKC/Eukanuba National Championship. The AKC is not part of the International Canine Organisation, Fédération Cynologique Internationale, as most other countries' kennel clubs are.

Contents 1 Dog registration 2 AKC and health 3 Indefinite Listing Privilege Program 4 AKC National Championship 5 Open foundation stock 6 Activities 7 Recognized breeds 8 Other AKC programs 9 AKC and legislation 10 Notes 11 See also 12 External links

The AKC is not the only registry of purebred dogs, but it is the one with which most Americans are familiar^[1]. For a dog to be registered with the AKC, the dog's parents must be registered with the AKC as the same breed, and the litter in which the dog is born must be registered with the AKC. Once these criteria are met, the dog can be registered as purebred by the AKC. The top 5 dogs registered for 2006 are: ^[2]

• Labrador Retriever 123,760
• Yorkshire Terrier 48,346
• Dachshund 43,575
• Golden Retriever 42,962
• Beagle 39,484

Registration indicates only that the dog's parents were registered as one recognized breed; it does not necessarily indicate that the dog comes from healthy or show-quality blood lines. Nor is registration necessarily a reflection on the quality of the breeder or how the puppy was raised. In 2006, the Board of Directors of the AKC signed a contract with Petland pet stores to facilitate the registration of dogs sold by Petland and bred by the Hunte Corporation, the largest commercial dog breeder (sometimes referred to as a puppy mill) in the U.S. After a brief flurry of controversy, the AKC rescinded the Petland contract, but as AKC Chairman Ron Menaker notes, the AKC has "been registering AKC eligible puppies from Petland, and every other company selling AKC registrable puppies" "for the past 122 years."^[3]

Registration is necessary only for breeders (so they can sell registered puppies) or for purebred conformation show or purebred dog sports participation.

Even though the AKC supports some canine health research and has recently been running advertising campaigns implying that the AKC is committed to healthy dogs, the AKC's role in furthering dog health is controversial. The AKC has no health standards for breeding. The only breeding restriction is age (a dog can be no younger than 8 months^[4]). Furthermore, the AKC prohibits member clubs from imposing stricter regulations, that is, an AKC breed club cannot require a higher breeding age, hip dysplasia ratings, genetic tests for inheritable diseases, or any other restrictions. (Member clubs do have the power to define the looks of the breed, or breed standard.)

As a result, attention to health among breeders is purely voluntary. By contrast, many dog clubs outside the US do require health tests of breeding dogs. The German Shepherd Club of Germany, for example, requires hip and elbow X-rays in addition to other tests before a dog can be bred.^[5] Such breeding restrictions are not allowed in AKC member clubs. As a result, some US breeders have established parallel registries or health databases outside of the AKC; for example, the Berner Garde established such a database in 1995 after genetic diseases reduced the average lifespan of a Bernese Mountain Dog to 7 years. The Swiss Bernese Mountain Dog club introduced mandatory hip X-rays in 1971.^[6]

For these, and other reasons, a small number of breed clubs have not yet joined the AKC so they can maintain stringent health standards, but, in general, the breeders' desire to show their dogs at AKC shows such as the Westminster Dog Show has won out over these concerns.

Contrary to most western nations organized under the International Kennel Federation (of which the AKC is not a member), the AKC does not discourage docked tails and cropped ears in its standards^[7], a practice most countries now condemn outright.

The Indefinite Listing Privilege Program (ILP) is an AKC program that provides purebred dogs who may not have been eligible for registration a chance to register "indefinitely". There are various reasons why a purebred dog might not be eligible for registration; for example, the dog may be the product of an unregistered litter, or have unregistered parents. Many dogs enrolled in the ILP program were adopted from animal shelters or rescue groups, in which case the status of the dog's parents is unknown. Dogs enrolled in ILP may participate in AKC companion and performance activities, but not conformation.

Main article: AKC National Championship

The AKC/Eukanuba National Championship is an annual event held in both Tampa, FL, and Long Beach, CA. The show is by invitation only. The dogs invited to the show have either finished their championship from the bred-by-exhibitor class or ranked in the Top 25 of their breed.^[8]

The Foundation Stock Service (FSS) is an AKC program for breeds not yet accepted by the AKC for full recognition, and not yet in the AKC's Miscellaneous class.^[9] The AKC FSS requires that at least the parents of the registered animal are known. The AKC will not grant championship points to dogs in these breeds until the stud book is closed and the breed is granted full recognition.

The AKC sanctions events in which dogs and handlers can compete. These are divided into three areas:

• Conformation shows
  • Junior Showmanship
• Companion events, in which all registered and ILP dogs can compete. These include:
  • Obedience trials
  • Tracking trials
  • Dog agility
  • Rally obedience

• Performance events, which are limited to certain entrants; ILP dogs of the correct breed are usually eligible:
  • Coonhound events (coonhounds; no ILP dogs)
  • Field trials (hounds)
  • Earthdog trials (small terriers and Dachshunds)
  • Sheepdog trials (herding tests) (herding breeds, Rottweilers, and Samoyeds)
  • Hunt tests (most dogs in the Sporting Groups and Standard Poodles)
  • Lure coursing (sighthounds only)
  • Working Dog Sport (obedience, tracking, protection) German Shepherd Dogs, Doberman Pinschers, Rottweilers, Bouvier des Flandres

AKC policy toward working dog sport events that include protection phases, such as Schutzhund, has changed according to prevailing public sentiment in the United States. In 1990, as well-publicized dog attacks were driving public fear against many breeds, the AKC issued a ban on protection sports for all of its member clubs. After the terrorist attacks of 9/11/2001, Americans began to take a more positive attitude toward well-trained protection dogs, and in July 2003 the AKC decided to allow member clubs to hold a limited number of protection events with prior written permission.^[10] In 2006 the AKC released rules ^[11]for its own Working Dog Sport events, very similar to Schutzhund.

As of April 2007, the AKC fully recognizes 157 breeds with 4 additional breeds granted partial status in the Miscellaneous class. Another 58 rare breeds can be registered in its Foundation Stock Service.

The AKC divides dog breeds into seven groups, one class, and the Foundation Stock Service, consisting of the following (as of April 2007):

• Sporting Group: 28 breeds^[12] developed as bird dogs. Includes Pointers, Retrievers, Setters, and Spaniels.

• Hound Group: 26 breeds^[13] developed to hunt using sight (sighthounds) or scent (scent hounds). Includes Greyhounds and Beagles.

• Working Group: 25 large breeds^[14] developed for a variety of jobs, including guarding property, guarding livestock, or pulling carts. Includes Siberian Huskys and Bernese Mountain Dogs.

• Terrier Group: 28 feisty breeds^[15] some of which were developed to hunt vermin and to dig them from their burrows or lairs. Size ranges from the tiny Cairn Terrier to the large Airedale Terrier.

• Toy Group: 23 small companion breeds^[16] Includes Toy Poodles and Pekineses.

• Non-Sporting Group: 18 breeds^[17] that do not fit into any of the preceding categories, usually larger than Toy dogs. Includes Bichon Frises and Miniature Poodles.

• Herding Group: 19 breeds^[18] developed to herd livestock. Includes Rough Collies and Belgian Shepherds.

• [Best in Show]:over 150 breeds [All Breeds]

• Miscellaneous Class: 4 breeds^[19] that have advanced from FSS but that are not yet fully recognized. After a period of time that ensures that good breeding practices are in effect and that the gene pool for the breed is ample, the breed is moved to one of the seven preceding groups.

• Foundation Stock Service (FSS) Program: 58 breeds.^[20] This is a breed registry in which breeders of rare breeds can record the birth and parentage of a breed that they are trying to establish in the United States; these dogs provide the foundation stock from which eventually a fully recognized breed might result. These breeds cannot participate in AKC events until at least 150 individual dogs are registered; thereafter, competition in various events is then provisional.

Main article: Canine Good Citizen

The AKC also offers the Canine Good Citizen program. This program tests dogs of any breed (including mixed breed) or type, registered or not, for basic behavior and temperament suitable for appearing in public and living at home.

The AKC also supports Canine Health with the Canine Health Foundation http://www.akcchf.org/

The AKC tracks all dog related legislation in the United States, lobbies lawmakers and issues legislative alerts on the internet asking for citizens to contact public officials. They are particularly active in combating breed-specific legislation such as bans on certain breeds considered dangerous.

• List of dog breeds
• United Kennel Club
• DOGNY

• Official website
• 2006 Registration Data

This box: v • d • e American Kennel Club groups
Sporting • Hound • Working • Terrier • Toy • Non-Sporting • Herding • Miscellaneous Class • Foundation Stock Service Program