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The American Legion is an organization of veterans of the United States armed forces who served in wartime. The Organization was founded in 1919 by veterans returning from Europe after World War I and is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. The group has nearly 3 million members^{[citation needed]}.

In addition to organizing commemorative events and volunteer activities, the American Legion is active in U.S. politics. While its primary political activity is lobbying for the interests of veterans, including support for veterans benefits such as pensions and the Veterans Affairs hospital system, it has also been involved in more general political issues, generally taking a conservative position. Most criticism of the Legion is based on its political activities.

The state American Legions run an annual civic training event for high school juniors called Boys State. Two members from each Boys State are selected for Boys Nation. The American Legion Auxiliary runs Girls State and Girls Nation. The American Legion also hosts many social events.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 1910s 1.3 1920s 1.4 1930s 1.5 1940s 1.6 1950s 1.7 1960s 1.8 1970s 1.9 1980s 1.10 1990s 1.11 2000s 2 Membership eligibility requirements 3 Organizational structure 3.1 Posts 3.2 Districts 3.3 Departments 3.4 National headquarters 4 List of National Commanders 5 Posts 5.1 Florida 5.2 Minnesota 5.3 Nebraska 5.4 Nevada 5.5 New Hampshire 5.6 New Jersey 5.7 New York 5.8 Ohio 5.9 Oklahoma 5.10 Texas 5.11 Virginia 5.12 Washington, D.C. 6 References in popular culture 7 References 8 Other veterans' organizations of the United States 9 Veterans' organizations in other countries 10 External links 11 Further reading

The American Legion's Post Officers Guide recounts the organization's founding, indicating that:

"A group of twenty officers who served in the American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.) in France in World War I is credited with planning the Legion. A.E.F. Headquarters asked these officers to suggest ideas on how to improve troop morale. One officer, Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., proposed an organization of veterans. In 1919, this group formed a temporary committee and selected several hundred officers who had the confidence and respect of the whole army. When the first organization meeting took place in Paris on April 7, 1919, about 1,000 officers and enlisted men attended. The meeting, known as the Paris Caucus, adopted a temporary constitution and the name The American Legion. It also elected an executive committee to complete the organization’s work. It considered each soldier of the A.E.F. a member of the Legion. The executive committee named a subcommittee to organize veterans at home in the U.S. The Legion held a second organizing caucus in St. Louis, Missouri, in May 1919.

Quentin Roosevelt Post 1 of St. Louis Mo. was established during the St. Louis Caucus May 9th through the 10th, in 1919, making them the first American Legion post in the United States. The post 1 was named after Quentin Roosevelt, the son of President Theodore Roosevelt. Queintin Roosevelt was a pilot shot down and killed during WWI.

The George Washington Post 1 in Washington, D.C., organized March 7, 1919, obtained the first charter issued to any Post of The American Legion on May 19, 1919. Originally, the Post was named the “General John Joseph Pershing Post Number 1” in part to its members’ sincere admiration of Pershing as a man, as well as their appreciation for his career as a soldier in the United States Army. However, at the St. Louis caucus that same year, members decided that Posts of the American Legion should not be named after living persons, and therefore the "Pioneer Post" was given its new and current name. It completed the constitution and made plans for a permanent organization. It set up temporary headquarters in New York City, and began its relief, employment, and Americanism programs.

Congress granted the Legion a national charter in September 1919. American Legion Post No.1 is in Wheeling, West Virginia. ^[1]

From the diary of Alvin C. York:

"April 7, 1919 Paris--I arrived in Paris at 8:30 A.M. and 10:30 A.M. was our meeting. I was there on time at the Hotel De Babriel. So we had the meeting all day until 5:30 P.M. This second time I went to Paris was to attend the first meeting that was called to organize the American Legion. I represented my division as a noncommissioned officer. Captain Williams of the machine gun company represented the commissioned officers of our division. And we all organized the American Legion that day in the Hotel. And there were officers and men representing all of the different American outfits in France. So I am a charter member of the American Legion."

The first national convention of the American Legion was held from November 10-12, 1919 in Minneapolis, Minnesota at which time the attendees adopted a permanent constitution and elected officers to head the organization. The original purpose of the Legion was to "preserve the memories and incidents of our association in the great war". Prior to World War I, few rural, working class, or even middle class Americans traveled to Europe. For a majority of urban Americans, their understanding of Europe had been acquired through the European immigrants they knew. Thus the two million Americans who had served in the American Expeditionary Forces had had very different experiences than their families, friends and neighbors. The American Legion allowed these young men and women who had served "Over There" to re-integrate into their hometowns and to still remain in contact with others who had been abroad. The Legion served as a supportive group, a social club and a type of extended family for former service men and women.

Some Legion groups engaged in strikebreaking activities during this time and into the 1930s. In 1919, a new American Legion group in Washington was involved in the Centralia Massacre (Washington).

The American Legion was very active in the 1920s. It was instrumental in the creation of the U.S. Veterans' Bureau, now known as the Department of Veterans Affairs. The Legion also created its own American Legion Baseball Program. Commander Travers D. Carmen awarded Charles Lindbergh its "Distinguished Service Medal," the medal's first recipient, on July 22, 1927.

In 1930, the American Legion Memorial Bridge in Traverse City, Michigan, was completed. In that year, the Traverse City city commission decided to purchase dedication plaques for $100 at the request of the American Legion. ^[2]

By 1931, membership of the American Legion had reached one million.

The Sons of the American Legion was formed at the American Legion's 14th National Convention in Portland, Oregon on September 12-15, 1932. Membership is limited to the male descendants of members of the American Legion or deceased individuals who served in the armed forces of the United States during times specified by the American Legion. In 2007 The Sons of the American Legion celebrates seventy-five years of service to God and Country. The organization has over 300,000 members.

According to congressional testimony in the 1930s, several of the American Legion's leaders, including its original bankroller Irénée du Pont, plotted a fascist coup against the Government of Franklin D. Roosevelt called the Business Plot. According to testimony the plot was averted because Major General Smedley Butler warned Roosevelt of the plan.

In 1935, the first Boys' State convenes in Springfield, Illinois.

The American Legion's first National High School Oratorical Contest was held in 1938.

In 1942, the original charter of the American Legion was changed in order to allow veterans of World War II to join. Throughout the 1940s, the American Legion was very active in providing support for veterans and soldiers who fought in World War II. The American Legion campaigned for the G.I. Bill, which was signed into law in June 1944.

The American Legion was active in campaigning for the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II in relocation camps. [1] [2]

The first Boys Nation program was held in 1946.

The American Legion asked for a congressional investigation into the ACLU for their petitioning to end loyalty-oath laws for public workers such as school teachers during the red scare. [3]

Veterans of the Korean War were approved for membership in the American Legion in 1950.

The American Legion Child Welfare Foundation was formed in 1954.

On May 30, 1969, the Cabin John Bridge, which carried the Capital Beltway (I-495) across the Potomac River northwest of Washington, D.C., was officially renamed to the " American Legion Memorial Bridge" in a ceremony led by Lt. Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, director of the U.S. Selective Service System. ^[3]

In 1976, an outbreak of bacterial pneumonia occurred among those attending a convention of the American Legion at The Bellevue Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia. This form of pneumonia became known as Legionnaires' disease, or Legionellosis. The bacterium that causes the illness was later named Legionella.

After a 1989 U.S. Supreme Court decision, the American Legion launched and funded an unsuccessful campaign to win a constitutional amendment against harming the flag of the United States. The Legion formed the Citizens' Flag Honor Guard and it later became Citizens Flag Alliance. [4]

In 1993, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts renamed a bridge in the city of Chicopee to the "American Legion Memorial Bridge". ^[4]

In a letter to U.S. President Bill Clinton in May 1999, the American Legion urged the immediate withdrawal of American troops from Operation Allied Force in Yugoslavia. The National Executive Committee of The American Legion met and adopted a resolution unanimously that stated, in part, that they would only support military operations if "Guidelines be established for the mission, including a clear exit strategy" and "That there be support of the mission by the U.S. Congress and the American people". [5][6]

On August 30, 2005, Thomas P. Cadmus, National Commander, stated in an address to the Legion's National Convention that support for American troops in the War on Terror should be ensured by "any means necessary", in a statement which made oblique reference to anti-war protesters and direct reference to Jane Fonda's activities during the Vietnam War. [7]

The Chairman of the House Veterans Affairs Committee, Steve Buyer (R-Ind.), announced that he planned to eliminate the annual congressional hearings for Veterans Service Organizations that was established by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In response, National Commander of the American Legion Thomas L. Bock had the following to say:

"I am extremely disappointed in Chairman Buyer's latest effort to ignore the Veterans Service Organizations. Eliminating annual hearings before a joint session of the Veterans Affairs Committees will lead to continued budgetary shortfalls for VA resulting in veterans being underserved." [8]

This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies.(December 2007)

Any person is eligible for membership who was a member of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard or Air Force of the United States and assigned to active duty at some time during any of the following periods (this includes those that are currently active and maintain honorable status):

• April 6, 1917 to November 11, 1918 (World War I)
• December 7, 1941 to December 31, 1946 (World War II)
  • (U.S. Merchant Marine eligible only from December 7, 1941 to August 16, 1945)
• June 25, 1950 to January 31, 1955 (Korean War)
• December 22, 1961 to May 7, 1975 (Vietnam War) {NOTE: There is a motion pending to extend this period to cover the beginning of the conflict}
• August 24, 1982 to July 31, 1984 (Lebanon/Grenada)
• December 20, 1989 to January 31, 1990 (Operation Just Cause-Panama)
• August 2, 1990 to "Today" (Operation Desert Shield/Storm) or cessation of hostilities as determined by the Government of the United States.

The Post is the basic unit of the Legion and usually represents a small geographic area such as a single town or part of a county. There are roughly 14,900 posts in the United States. The Post is used for formal business such as meetings and a coordination point for community service projects. Often the Post will host community events such as Bingo, Hunter breakfasts, holiday celebrations, and etc. It is also not uncommon for the Post to contain a bar open during limited hours.

Each Department is divided into Divisions and/or Districts. Each District will oversee several Posts, generally about 20, to help each smaller group have a larger voice. Divisions are even larger groups of about 4 or more Districts. The main purpose of these "larger" groups (Districts - Divisions) are to allow one or two delegates to represent an area at Conferences, Conventions, and other gatherings, where a large numbers of Legionnaires may not be able to attend...

The Posts are grouped together into a state level organization known as a Department for the purposes of coordination and administration. There is a total of 55 Departments; one for each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, France, Mexico, and the Philippines. Canada was merged into Department of New York several years ago. The 3 Departments located overseas are intended to allow active duty military stationed and veterans living overseas to be actively involved with the American Legion similar to as if they were back in the states. The Department of France [9] consists of 29 Posts located in 10 European counties, the Department of Mexico [10] consists of 22 Posts located in Central America, and the Department of Philippines covers Asia and the Pacific Islands.

The main American Legion Headquarters is located on the Indiana War Memorial Plaza in Indianapolis. It is the primary office for the National Commander and also houses the historical archives, library, Membership affairs, and the Magazine editorial offices. The Legion also owns a building in Washington D.C. that contains many of the operation offices such as Legislative, Veterans Affairs, Media Relations, and etc. [11]

• Franklin D'Olier 1919-1920
• Frederick W. Galbraith, Jr. 1920-1921
• John G. Emery June 14, 1921-November 2, 1921
• Hanford MacNider 1921-1922
• Alvin M. Owsley 1922-1923
• John R. Quinn 1923-1924
• James A Drain 1924-1925
• John R. McQuigg 1925-1926
• Howard P. Savage 1926-1927
• Edward E. Spafford 1927-1928
• Paul V. McNutt 1928-1929
• O.L. Bodenhamer 1929-1930
• Ralph T. O'Neil 1930-1931

• John H. Geiger 197?-197?
• Alan G. Lance 1999-2000
• Thomas P. Cadmus, 2 September 2004–25 August 2005
• Thomas L. Bock, 25 August 2005–31 August 2006
• Paul A. Morin, 31 August 2006-31 August 2007
• Martin “Marty” Conatser, 31 August 2007- present

• Department of Florida
• 5th District
• Post 137, Jacksonville (website)
• Post K-11, Arcadia

• Post 317 - Emmons "Louis Tveite"

• Post 90 - Valentine
• Post 1 - Omaha, 7811 Davenport St. (402)391-6764
• Post 30- Omaha, 1817 N. 33rd St.
• Post 112 - Benson
• Post 331 - South Omaha Melting Pot, 4830 S. 21st. St.
• Post 374 - Millard, (402)895-1324

• Department of Nevada
• Paradise Post 149, Las Vegas

• Post 79 - Manchester

• Post 1 - Leonia
• Post 170 - Rochelle Park
• Post 415 - Saddle Brook

• Post 220 - Tupper Lake, NY

• Post 82 - Endicott, NY 13760

• Woodhaven Post 118 - 89-02 91st. Street, Queens, NY 11421 (718) 846-6116

• Department of Ohio

The American Legion Department of Ohio consists of 605 Posts divided into 14 districts. With over 140,000 members, it is the largest veteran's organization in the state. The Department of Ohio is headquartered in Delaware, Ohio.

• Post 3 - Ralph D. Cole, Findlay
• Post 83 - Commodore Denig, Sandusky
• Post 96 - William Paul Gallagher, Lima

• Frank H. Collings Post 111

• Department of Texas The American Legion, Department of Texas, is made up of over 90,000 Legionnaires in approximately 526 posts. The Department has four divisions. A Division Commander is elected annually in the Spring to serve a one year term, to work on membership and to coordinate the activities of the posts and Legionnaires within that geographical area. Each division is divided into districts with a total of twenty-three (23) Districts in the Department of Texas, each with a District Commander and other such officers as determined by each District.
• Post 76, Austin (website)
• Edwin Hardy Post 9 - Cameron, Texas --- Serving Milam County and surrounding communities (website) -- home of the 11th District Chaplain for "The Heart of Texas" --- Serving Bell County, TX; Bosque County, TX; Coryell County, TX; Falls County, TX; Hamilton County, TX; McLennan County, TX and Milam County, TX --- This includes Fort Hood, one of the largest military bases in the world.

The American Legion Department of Virginia is comprised of 215 posts divided into 17 Districts, and has over 54,000 members. The Department Headquarters office is located in Richmond, VA

• District 16
• Post 7 - Pulaski
• Post 8 - South Boston, Jeffress Boulevard
• Post 10 - Robert Vincent McMaugh Post, Manassas
• Post 16 - Lynchburg
• Post 21 - Winchester
• Post 24 - Alexandria
• Post 25 - Braxton-Perkins Post, Newport News
• Post 27 - Rockingham, VA
• Post 28 - Triangle
• Post 31 - Hampton
• Post 39 - Williamsburg
• Post 46 - Emporia
• Post 48 - Phoebus Post, Hampton
• Post 49 - Smithfield
• Post 53 - Front Royal
• Post 55 - Fredericksburg
• Post 57 - Suffolk
• Post 73 - Franklin
• Post 74 - Charlottesville
• Post 79 - Crews - Epperson - Puryear Post, South Hill
• Post 85 - Arlington, 919 North Kansas Street
• Post 86 - Adams Post, Kilmarnock
• Post 105 - Stuart
• Post 110 - Virginia Beach
• Post 116 - Louisa
• Post 120 - Disputanta
• Post 128 - Greene County
• Post 130 - Falls Church
• Post 146 - Hopewell, 217 East City Point Rd, Hopewell, VA 23860
• Post 149 - Dinwiddie
• Post 150 - Brekenridge - Peters - Woods Post, Sterling
• Post 151 - Emporia
• Post 156 - Orange County
• Post 159 - Chincoteague, 404 S. Main Street
• Post 160 - Surry
• Post 162 - Lorton
• Post 176 - Springfield
• Post 177 - Fairfax
• Post 180 - Dyer-Gunnell Post, Vienna
• Post 183 - Franklin
• Post 184 - Wayne M. Kidwell Post, Herndon
• Post 186 - Midlothian
• Post 191 - Waverly
• Post 199 - Woodstock
• Post 204 - Norfolk
• Post 210 - Richmond
• Post 225 - Falls Church
• Post 229 - Rural Retreat
• Post 264 - Jarratt
• Post 270 - McLean
• Post 276 - Boykins
• Post 284 - Colonial Heights
• Post 290 - Stafford
• Post 295 - Middleburg
• Post 325 - Danville, P.O. Box 325 Danville, VA 24543
• Post 320 - Spotsylvania
• Post 340 - East Augusta County
• Post 330 - Culpeper
• Post 354 - Bon Air
• Post 364 - Woodbridge
• Post 1776 - Williamsburg
• Post 1799 - Haymarket/Gainesville
• Post 1976 - Annandale
• Post 1995 - Centreville
• Post 2001 - Ashburn

George Washington DC Post 1 - [12]

John Dos Passos included in his U.S.A. trilogy a detailed description of the Centralia Massacre, taking the IWW side in this affair.

The 1949 story "The Long Watch", by science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein, was commissioned by the American Legion and published in the Legion's magazine. However, the story was reportedly "heavily edited" before being published - presumably because its theme - a one-man rebellion by a future space officer who sacrifices his life to foil a military coup and the use of nuclear weapons on civilian populations - can be read both as extolling patriotic self-sacrifice and as extolling rebelliousness and disobedience.

On their 1989 album, Key Lime Pie, the alternative rock band Camper Van Beethoven referenced the American Legion in their song "When I Win The Lottery", with the lyrics,

And when I win the lottery, gonna buy the house next to Mr. Red, White and Blue, and when I win the lottery, gonna buy Post 306 American Legion, paint it red with five gold stars.

In chapter 9 of F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, it's revealed that Jay Gatsby was a member of the American Legion.

• Veterans of Foreign Wars
• Grand Army of the Republic (historical organization)
• Sons of Confederate Veterans
• Marine Corps League
• Air Force Association
• Air Force Sergeants Association
• Veterans for Peace
• Army Non-Commissioned Officers Association

• The Royal British Legion
• Royal Canadian Legion
• Returned and Services League of Australia
• Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association

• Sons of the American Legion site
• Position on the Enola Gay exhibit
• Story of the American Legion by George Seay Wheat (1919)
• American Legion Photographs in the Western Historical Manuscript Collection at the University of Missouri-St. Louis

• The American Legion's national partnership with DOD to welcome home our wounded warriors
• American Legion Post 295's support of the wounded at Bethesda and Walter Reed Hospitals
• American Legion National Convention Medals
• The American Legion - Department of Texas
• American Legion Department of Virginia
• American Legion Paradise Post 149, Las Vegas, Nevada

• Richard Seelye Jones. A history of the American legion (1946)
• Thomas B. Littlewood. Soldiers Back Home: The American Legion in Illinois, 1919-1939 (2004)
• William Pencak. For God & Country: The American Legion, 1919-1941 (1989)
• Thomas A. Rumer. The American Legion: An Official History, 1919-1989 (1990)
• George Seldes. The George Seldes Reader. Barricade Books, 1994