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II Región de Antofagasta

See other Chilean regions
Capital	Antofagasta
Provinces	Tocopilla El Loa Antofagasta
Intendant	Marcela Ximena Hernando Pérez
Area   - Total	Ranked 2nd 126,049.1 km²
Population   - 2002 Census   - Density	Ranked 9th 493,984 3.94/km²
ISO 3166-2	CL-AN

Antofagasta (officially II Región de Antofagasta) is Chile's second administrative region from north to south. Comprising three provinces, Antofagasta, El Loa and Tocopilla, its capital is the port city of Antofagasta. It is bordered on the north by Tarapacá and by Atacama to the south.

Antofagasta's history is divided, as the territory, in two sections, the coastal region and the highlands plateau or altiplano around the Andes. In pre-Columbian times, the coastline was populated by nomadic fishing clans of Changos Indians, of which very little is known, due to very limited contact with the Spanish conquerers.

The inland section was populated by the Atacaman culture around the great dry salt lake called Salar de Atacama, the Loa River basin and valleys and oasis across the altiplano, with the most important settlement being the village of San Pedro de Atacama.

The Atacaman culture was deeply influenced by Tiwanaku culture and later fell under Inca rule. Atacamans' harvested mainly corn and beans and developed trade as far as the Amazon basin and Pacific shores. The arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th century did not destroy the culture but transformed it deeply through the process of mestizaje, in which both cultures mixed. Under the Spanish rule, Atacaman territory (only the inlands), was placed under the administration of Charcas Audience and at the time of independence general Simón Bolívar integrated (both inland and coast regions) into the new Republic of Bolivia, under the name of "Litoral". This decision was disputed by the Chilean Government and has been a source of conflict until present times. Chile claimed that according to the Uti possidetis of the Spanish crown, the coastal region belong to them and their territory bordered directly with Peru.

Chileans explorers such as Juan López and José Santos Ossa discovered rich nitrate and guano deposits which produced a massive Chilean colonization of the coastline. Friction between the new settlers from both countries grew until 1879 when the War of the Pacific erupted. Antofagasta was permanently annexed by the Chilean government at the end of the war.

Colonization by Chileans followed mainly from the "Little North" (the contemporary regions of Atacama and Coquimbo, also known as the III and IV regions), into the new territories of Antofagasta and Tarapacá, nicknamed the Great North. Settlers also arrived from Europe (mainly Croatians, Spaniards, English and Greeks), from Arab countries, plus China, Peru and Bolivia. Various immigration flows joined with the culture of the altiplano region creating the modern culture of the north of Chile, which arguably presents more Andean- and multi-European-features than the Central Valley (and mainstream Chilean culture).

In the early 20th century the region became a significant base of Chile's union-organizing movements. It continued to depend economically on the nitrate-extraction industry until its replacement by copper mining. Two of the largest and richest open pit mines in the world are located in Antofagasta: La Escondida and Chuquicamata.

Mostly a desert climate, part of the Atacama Desert, with variations in the amount of annual rainfall from the coast to the highland desert.

This is primarily a mining region, with mining-related activities accounting for 59% of the regional economy. Fishing and manufacturing also contribute to the income of the area.

The main river is the Loa.

• Atacama border dispute
• Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia

• Gobierno Regional de Antofagasta Official website (in Spanish)

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