From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ancient Mesopotamia
Euphrates · Tigris
Cities / Empires
Sumer: Uruk · Ur · Eridu
Kish · Lagash · Nippur
Akkadian Empire: Akkad
Babylon · Isin · Susa
Assyria: Assur · Nineveh
Dur-Sharrukin · Nimrud
Babylonia · Chaldea
Elam · Amorites
Hurrians · Mitanni
Kassites · Urartu
Chronology
Kings of Sumer
Kings of Assyria
Kings of Babylon
Language
Aramaic
Sumerian · Akkadian
Elamite · Hurrian
Mythology
Enûma Elish
Gilgamesh · Marduk

Assyriology is the linguistic, historical and archaeological study of ancient Mesopotamia and neighbouring cultures which used cuneiform writing. The field covers not just Assyria but also that nation's eventual conqueror, Babylonia and the predecessor of both civilizations, Sumer. The large number of cuneiform clay tablets preserved by these cultures provide an enormous resource for the study of the period. The region's (and the world's) first cities such as Ur are archaeologically invaluable for studying the growth of urbanization.

As an academic discipline, Assyriology presents itself as one of the most demanding fields in the humanities. Scholars need a good knowledge of several Semitic languages (including Akkadian and its major dialects, aided by such languages as Biblical Hebrew for comparative purposes), and the capacity to absorb the complexities of writing systems with several hundred core signs. While there now exist many important grammatical studies and lexical aids, many texts remain difficult to interpret accurately. Frequently, this is because the tablets they were written on are broken, or in the case of literary texts, where there may be many copies, the language and grammar are arcane. Moreover, scholars must be able to read and understand modern English, French, and German, as important references, dictionaries, and journals are published in those languages.

There are many dialects of Akkadian, the language of Assyria and Babylonia, ranging from the earliest texts in Old Akkadian and related Eblaite in the 3rd millennium BC, down to texts written in the first century of the common era. Some dialects are indigenous (for example, that found in merchant texts from Anatolia, called Old Assyrian), others appear to be specific 'inventions' of certain groups of literati or religious authorities (the Hymnic Epic dialect, and later, Standard Babylonian).

The writing system is based upon that which was developed in southern Mesopotamia for the Sumerian language. Sumerian has no known cognates, and an entirely different grammatical system. Despite this difference, the adaptation of the writing system, together with many lexical items, as well as possible influence on Akkadian grammar, make reading any Akkadian text a challenging task.

The writing system was also adapted for other languages, including Hittite, Hurrian, and Ugaritic. A related cuneiform writing system also appeared for Elamite.

The categories of literature which exist are enormous, including documents such as business and legal records, religious texts, canonical literary texts (for example, the Epic of Gilgamesh), historical inscriptions of rulers, personal letters, as well as music, mathematical. and pseudo-scientific texts (omen series). There are lexical series of a type which reflect a scholarly interest in comparative linguistics, including the preservation of knowledge of the Sumerian language for religious and cultural purposes. In fact, because cuneiform was used for close to 3000 years, the range of records is as naturally diverse as that found in writing today, notwithstanding lower literacy rates in antiquity.

The 'creation' of the history of Mesopotamian culture is thus heavily filtered by the technical skills required to adequately understand 'what the text means'. It has also been traditionally close to Biblical studies, though this is less so today. However, the training of Assyriologists has followed a traditional historical-philological path - in fact, a PhD apprenticeship, with less attention paid to questions around the philosophy of history, comparative anthropology, or other fields, which in easier circumstances, might be easier to incorporate in both training and publications.

Few universities teach advanced Assyriology, and not that many teach, for example, introductory Akkadian, which at least provides some orientation to the language and culture of the Latin of the Ancient Near East. In the United States these include Brown University, Hebrew Union College, Cornell University, Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan, the University of Pennsylvania (which also includes a large Mesopotamian, Middle and Near Eastern collection in the University's Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology), and Yale University.

However, there are important international projects online which are publishing photos, sign-copies and various editions of text, such as:

• Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
• Digital Corpus of Cuneiform Lexical Texts
• Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
• Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary

Noted Assyriologists include:

• Robert Biggs
• Jeremy Black
• Rykle Borger
• Miguel Civil
• Jerrold Cooper
• Stephanie Dalley
• Friedrich Delitzsch
• Jean-Marie Durand
• D. Otto Edzard
• Ignace Gelb
• Andrew George
• Rivkah Harris
• Paul Haupt
• Hermann Hilprecht
• Edward Hincks
• Thorkild Jacobsen
• Christopher Johnston
• Samuel Noah Kramer
• Benno Landsberger
• Austen Henry Layard
• Julius Lewy
• Piotr Michalowski
• Alan Millard
• William L. Moran
• A. Leo Oppenheim
• Jules Oppert
• Simo Parpola
• Arno Poebel
• Hormuzd Rassam
• Erica Reiner
• Francesca Rochberg
• George Smith
• Piotr Steinkeller
• Matthew Stolper
• Hayim Tadmor
• François Thureau-Dangin
• Klaas Veenhof
• Wolfram von Soden
• David Weisberg
• Franz Weissbach

• Egyptology
• Iranian Studies
• Ancient Near East
• Mesopotamia
• Babylonia and Assyria
• Classical authorities on Babylonia and Assyria
• Modern discovery of Babylonia and Assyria
• Chronology of the ancient Near East