BREL
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BREL stands for British Rail Engineering Limited, which was the engineering division of British Rail until the design and building trains in the UK was privatised.
In 1962, British Railways transferred control of all its main works to a central body called British Railways Workshops Division, with its headquarters in Derby.
The Transport Act of 1968 allowed the railway to seek outside contracts and in 1970, the Workshops Division was renamed British Rail Engineering Limited.
From nationalisation, design responsibility had passed from the various constituent railways to the Central Executive. In 1962 this became the British Railways Board Its technical staff were under the control of the Chief Mechanical and Electrical Engineer, later renamed Director of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. They, along with the headquarters staff of BREL, moved into purpose built accommodation at the Railway Technical Centre in Derby. At the same time, the new British Rail Research Division was formed as a separate entity, reporting directly to the Board.
On the 31st October 1969 the company was incorporated as British Rail Engineering Limited.
In 1988 it was split into British Rail Maintenance Limited (BRML), whose ownership was retained by British Rail, and British Rail Engineering (1988) Limited which was prepared for privatisation.
BREL operated train building factories at several sites, with the major production centres being at Crewe, Derby, Doncaster and York. The historic site at Wolverton in Milton Keynes was progressively run down until the 1980s before finally being relegated to maintenance duties only. However, not all British Rail rolling stock was built in-house - some coaches and multiple units were built by Metro Cammell at its Washwood Heath plant in Birmingham, whilst certain locomotives were built by the likes of Brush Traction and Metropolitan Vickers, although in general, any outsourced stock was still built to BREL specifications.
In 1989 it was purchased by the Swiss-Swedish conglomerate ABB (ASEA-Brown Boveri) 40% and Trafalgar House 40% and a MEBO (Management-Employee Buy-Out) of 20% forming BREL Ltd. It was latterly bought out by ABB to form ABB Transportation Ltd. This company was itself subsequently merged with Daimler-Benz to form ADtranz (ABB-Daimler Benz Transportation), and even later was bought by the Canadian conglomerate, Bombardier.
The privatisation of British Rail caused a hiatus in the ordering of new rolling stock, which ultimately led to the demise of the York works. Following the closure of the Metro-Cammell (now Alstom) plant in Birmingham in 2005, only the former BREL facility in Derby remains as a major manufacturer of rolling stock in the United Kingdom.