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Bactrian language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Bactrian | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Bactria | |
| Language extinction: | ca. 9th c. AD | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Eastern Northeastern Bactrian |
|
| Writing system: | Aramaic alphabet, Greek alphabet | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | xbc | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
The Bactrian language is an extinct Middle Iranian language which was spoken in the Central Asian region of Bactria, also called Tocharistan, in northern Afghanistan. Linguistically, it is classified as belonging to the Northeastern Iranian branch. It was written using the Greek alphabet with the additional letter þ.
Bactrian was probably spoken by the local populations of Bactria when Alexander the Great invaded the area around 323 BCE, inaugurating a two-century period of Hellenistic rule by the Seleucid Empire and the then the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.
Greek rule ended around 123 BCE with the invasions of the Yuezhi from the North, who adopted the Greek alphabet to write the local Bactrian language, a case which is unique among Iranian languages. Before that time, Bactrian was written in the Aramaic alphabet.
Bactrian seems to have been, together with Greek, the official language of the Kushans, descendant of the Yuezhi, and was used in their coins and inscriptions. The territorial expansion of the Kushans helped propagate Bactrian to Northern India and parts of Central Asia, as far as Turfan when Buddhist and Manichean inscription in Bactrian can be found.
In general, Bactrian phonetics seems to share features with modern Pashto, modern Persian and Middle Iranian tongues like Parthian and Sogdian.
Remains of the language are found as late as the 9th century CE.
- Bactrian Language entry in the Encyclopedia Iranica
| Iranian Languages | |||
| Eastern Iranian | |||
| Old Iranian | Avestan † | Scythian (including Saka)† | Sogdian† | ||
| Middle Iranian | Bactrian† | Khwarezmian† | Khotanese† (possibly a Saka dialect) | Ossetic | Sacian† | ||
| Modern Iranian | Bartangi | Hidukush Group | Ishkashmi | Karakoram Group | Khufi | Munji | Oroshori | New Ossetic | Parachi | Pashto | Roshani (Roshni) | Sanglechi | Sarikoli | Shughni | Wakhi | Vanji † | Waziri | Yaghnobi | Yidgha | Yazgulami | Zebaki | ||
| Western Iranian | |||
| Old Iranian | Median† | Old Persian (Aryan)† | ||
| Middle Iranian | Parthian Pahlavi† | Sasanian Pahlavi† | ||
| Modern Iranian | Alviri (Vidâri) | Ashtiani | Azari† | Baluchi | Bashkardi | Central Iran | Persian Dari | Dari (Zoroastrian) | Gilaki | Gorani | Harzani | Judeo-Persian | Kurdish Kurmanji | Laki | Luri | Bakhtiari Lori | Mazandarani | Ormuri | Sangsari | Parachi | New-Persian | Sorani (Kurdish) | Tajik | Taleshi | Tat | Tati | Vafsi | Zazaki | ||
| Extinct † | |||
| Indo-Iranian languages | |
|---|---|
| Indic (Indo-Aryan) | Sanskrit: Vedic Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit · Prakrit: Pāli - Magadhi · Mitanni · Bengali (Dialects: Chittagonian, Sylheti) · Hindustani (Registers: Hindi, Urdu) · Angika · Assamese · Bhojpuri · Bishnupriya Manipuri · Dhivehi · Dogri · Gujarati · Konkani · Mahl · Maithili · Marathi · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Romani · Sindhi · Sinhala |
| Iranian | Eastern: Avestan · Bactrian · Pamir (Shughni, Sarikoli, Wakhi) · Pashto · Scythian - Ossetic · Sogdian - Yaghnobi · Western: Persian: Old Persian - Middle Persian (Pahlavi) - Modern Persian (Varieties: Farsi, Dari, Tajik) · Bukhori · Balochi · Dari (Zoroastrianism) · Gilaki · Kurdish · Luri · Mazandarani · Talysh · Tat · Zazaki |
| Dardic | Dameli · Domaaki · Gawar-Bati · Kalash · Kashmiri · Khowar · Kohistani · Nangalami · Pashayi · Palula · Shina · Shumashti |
| Nuristani | Askunu · Kamkata-viri · Tregami · Vasi-vari · Waigali |