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This article is about the Cold War policy. For the Star Trek episode, see "Balance of Terror".

The phrase "balance of terror" is usually used in reference to the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union during Cold War. It describes the tenuous peace that existed between the two countries as a result of both governments being terrified at the prospect of a world-destroying nuclear war. The term is usually used for rhetorical purposes, and was probably coined by Lester Pearson in June 1955 at the 10th anniversary of the signing of the UN Charter: "the balance of terror has replaced the balance of power".

Some political scientists use this phrase as a means of differentiating the world situation that followed World War II from that which preceded it. Previously, the empires had prevented war between each other by maintaining a relative balance of their ability (economic, military, and political) to wage war against each other--the phrase "balance of power" was often used to describe this kind of tentative peace. The atomic bomb created a new political reality, in which two superpower nations had the ability to destroy all of human civilization. The obstacle to war between the communists and capitalists was no longer the fear that the other side was more powerful, but rather the realization that nuclear arsenals were now large enough and deadly enough that winning would still likely result in the destruction of one's country (and the rest of the world as well). In this counterintuitive way, the existence of the most powerful weapons ever created actually supported a kind of peace: while many wars were fought around the world during the Cold War, the superpowers never fought each other directly, nor were atomic bombs ever dropped in combat after Nagasaki.

• John F. Kennedy used the phrase in his 1961 inaugural address, when he described the U.S. and the Soviet Union, "both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war." [1]
• Albert Wohlstetter of the RAND Corporation wrote a paper entitled "The Delicate Balance of Terror" in 1958. [2]

• Mutual assured destruction