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Beach volleyball
A beach volleyball game in progress.
Highest governing body	FIVB
First played	1920s, Santa Monica, California, USA
Characteristics
Contact	No Contact
Team Members	2
Mixed Gender	Single and mixed
Category	Outdoor
Ball	Beach volleyball
Olympic	1996

Beach volleyball is an Olympic team sport played on sand. Two teams, positioned on either side of a net which divides a rectangular court, hit a volleyball, usually using the hands or arms. Players on each team attempt to hit the ball over the net in such a way that it touches the ground inside the court boundaries, and to prevent the ball from touching the ground on their own side of the court. Beach volleyball is a popular recreational activity on many beaches around the world, and is generally most popular in areas with wide sandy beaches; however, it is also frequently played on inland sand courts, and has become quite popular in some land-locked countries, notably Switzerland. Though the official rules call for two players per team, recreational (non-competitive) games often have more players.

Contents 1 Rules 2 History 2.1 Beach volleyball at the Olympics 3 Famous players 4 Hand signals 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Beach volleyball evolved from indoor volleyball, and the two sports remain very similar: a team scores points by grounding the ball on the opponents' court, or when the opposing team commits a fault (error or illegal action); teams can contact the ball no more than three times before the ball crosses the net; and consecutive contacts must be made by different players. The most important differences between beach and indoor volleyball are the playing surface (deep sand rather than a hard floor), and the team size (two players per team rather than six). There are many minor differences as well, including^[1]:

• Each half of the court measures 8 by 8 meters (indoor courts are slightly larger).
• If a blocking player touches the ball, but it continues onto his side of the net, the block counts as the first contact.
• Open-hand dinks, where a player uses his or her finger tips to redirect the ball into the opponent's court, are illegal.
• It is legal to cross under the net as long as doing so does not interfere with the opponents' attempt to play the ball.
• Players are not required to rotate positions; they must alternate service, but there are no 'rotation errors'.
• There is no ten foot line.
• There are no substitutions.
• The same rules apply to all players (i.e. there is no libero).
• The first team to win two sets wins the match. The first two sets are won by the first team to reach 21 points with a 2-point advantage, and the third set, if necessary, is won by the first team to reach 15 points with a 2-point advantage.
• Most players, either by choice or by requirement of the rules, always play the game barefoot.

• The ball is softer (lower internal pressure) and very slightly bigger than an indoor volleyball.
• Overhand finger passes are refereed more strictly:

• When receiving (unless an opposing player has hit the ball downward) or attacking, overhand passes must be executed very cleanly and square to the shoulders.
• When setting with an overhand motion, the standard for double hits (a fault) is lower than when receiving or attacking, though still much stricter than in indoor volleyball. The standard for lifts (another fault) is less strict than in the indoor game (it is legal to hold the ball a little longer).

Complete rules for both games can be downloaded from the FIVB pages.

Beach volleyball started in Santa Monica, California in the 1920s. A decade later, beach volleyball began to appear in Europe. By the 1940s, doubles tournaments were being played on the beaches of Santa Monica for trophies. In the 1960s, an attempt to start a professional volleyball league was made in Santa Monica. It failed, but a professional tournament was held in France for 30,000 French Francs. The first Manhattan Beach Open (Southern California) was held in 1960. It is considered the "Wimbledon of Beach Volleyball" -- the most prestigious tournament in the world. Karch Kiraly—arguably the greatest beach volleyball player of all time—said, "You talk to any player and if they were told they could only win one tournament in their whole career, everybody would choose it to be here in Manhattan. There's an extra fire among all the players." In the 1970s, a few professional tournaments in Santa Monica were sponsored by beer and cigarette companies.

While the history of beach volleyball is relatively lengthy, the sport (at the professional level) remained fairly obscure until the 1980s when beach volleyball experienced a surge in popularity. This resulted in the development of stars such as Karch Kiraly, Sinjin Smith, Randy Stoklos, Kerri Walsh, and Misty May-Treanor, who are now well known throughout the world.

For decades, the two nations which have dominated international beach volleyball are Brazil and the United States. Recently, Australia has emerged as a distant third superpower, and all three of these nations have reasonably well developed national touring systems which typically hold tournaments during the summer months. Several western European countries have developed a large and competitive following, as has China and a number of other countries around the world.

Main article: Volleyball at the Summer Olympics

Beach volleyball was an exhibition sport at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, where Sinjin Smith and Randy Stoklos won the men's tournament, and Karolyn Kirby and Nancy Reno won the women's. The sport became an official Olympic event in 1996. Brazil, the US, and Australia are the only countries to have won gold medals to date. In the women's event, each country has won once.

Men's Beach Volleyball Olympic Tournament

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1996 Atlanta	Charles "Karch" Kiraly and Kent Steffes (USA)	Axel Hager and Jörg Ahmann (GER)
2000 Sydney	United States (USA) Dain Blanton Eric Fonoimoana	Brazil (BRA) Zé Marco de Melo Ricardo Santos	Germany (GER) Axel Hager Jörg Ahmann
2004 Athens	Ricardo Santos and Emanuel Rego (BRA)	Javier Bosma and Pablo Herrera (ESP)	Stefan Kobel and Patrick Heuscher (SUI)

Women's Beach Volleyball Olympic Tournament

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1996 Atlanta	Jackie Silva and Sandra Pires (BRA)	Monica Rodrigues and Adriana Samuel (BRA)	Natalie Cook and Kerri Pottharst (AUS)
2000 Sydney	Natalie Cook and Kerri Pottharst (AUS)	Adriana Behar and Shelda Bede (BRA)	Adriana Samuel and Sandra Pires (BRA)
2004 Athens	Kerri Walsh and Misty May (USA)	Shelda Bede and Adriana Behar (BRA)	Holly McPeak and Elaine Youngs (USA)

Today Brazil is the ruling country in FIVB men's beach volleyball, filling many of the top positions of the FIVB ranking. Top-rated players include 2004 Olympic gold medalists Emanuel Rego and Ricardo Santos, Marcio Araujo, and others. In the FIVB women's rankings, China and Brazil are the leading countries.

US players typically don't compete in the FIVB, but rather play in the AVP, which holds tournaments only in the US. Karch Kiraly remains perhaps the world's best-known male volleyball player, and is the only person to have won Olympic gold medals in both the indoor and beach versions of the sport. Currently, the top-ranked players on the 2007 AVP tour are Phil Dalhausser/Todd Rogers on the men's side, and the well-known 2004 Olympic gold medalists Misty May-Treanor/Kerri Walsh-Jennings on the women's side.

International female stars include Brazilians Ana Paula Connelly, Sandra Pires, Shelda Bede, and Adriana Behar, and Australians Kerri Pottharst and Natalie Cook. The young Brazilian Carolina Solberg Salgado has won a gold medal in Under-18 and Under-21 FIVB tournaments two years in a row. Overall, female beach volleyball players are generally more famous than their male counterparts and have equal or sometimes larger prize money pools.

See also List of famous US beach volleyball players

One of the facets of beach volleyball is the use of hand signals by players to indicate to their partner what sort of play they intend to make. These signals are made behind the back, to avoid the opposition seeing the signals. Most commonly the signals are given with both hands by the serving player's partner before the serve, with each hand referring to the type of block the signaler will put up against an attack from the corresponding side of the court. Occasionally, however, signals are given during a rally. Generally, a closed fist means the player will not attempt a block, one finger means the player will attempt to block an opponent's spike down the line, two fingers means the player will attempt to block an opponent's spike into the angle, and an open hand means the player will block "ball," deciding where to set the block based on the set and on the opponent's approach and arm-swing. Wiggling or "flashing" the fingers on one of the signalling hands indicates that the blocker wants his or her partner to serve the player on that side of the court. If the server is a stronger blocker, he or she may run up to the net to block after serving. In this case, the signals given by the server's partner tell the server what type of block to put up.

• Association of Volleyball Professionals
• American Volleyball Coaches Association
• Volleyball variations
• Volleyball jargon

• AVP Professional Beach Volleyball

• Volleyball.ORG
• VolleyRocket.com - Worldwide Volleyball Videos
• VolleyShots.com
• Mission Beach Volleyball
• Beach Volleyball Database
• Official rules - from Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB)

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