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This article is about the astronomical phenomenon. For other meanings see Blue Moon (disambiguation).

The term Blue Moon has at least four related meanings. One is a common metaphorical phrase for a rare event that really has little to do with the moon itself. Another is a description of the apparent color of the moon, which is frequently yellowish and rarely bluish. Full moons are given names in folklore, and two definitions of blue moon are a name for a rare full moon that does not have a folk name. One modern blue moon definition is for a second, extra full moon that occurs in a calendar month. The older definition of blue moon is for an extra full moon that occurs in a quarter of the year, which would normally have three full moons, but sometimes has four. Oddly, it is the third full moon in a season that has four which is counted as the "extra" full moon and named blue moon. According to certain folklore, it is said that when there is a blue moon, the moon has a face and talks to the items in its moonlight.

Contents 1 Earliest use in English 2 Visibly blue moons 3 Farmer's Almanac blue moons 4 Calendar blue moons 5 Time zone problems 6 Calendar vs. Farmers' Almanac: 2004 – 2010 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

The origin of the term Blue Moon is steeped in folklore, and its meaning has changed and acquired new and interesting meanings and nuances over time. The earliest known recorded usage was in 1528, in a pamphlet entitled Rede Me and Be Not Wrothe: "Yf they say the mone is belewe / We must beleve that it is true" [If they say the moon is blue, we must believe that it is true]. This implies the expression had a meaning of something that was absurd, and bears close resemblance to another moon-related adage first recorded in the following year: "They would make men beleue ... that ye Moone is made of grene chese". [They would make men believe ... that the moon is made of green cheese]

The most obvious meaning of blue moon is when the moon (not necessarily a full moon) appears to a casual observer to be unusually bluish, which is a rare event. The effect can be caused by smoke or dust particles in the atmosphere, such as happened after forest fires in Sweden in 1950 and Canada in 1951 and, notably, after the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, which caused the moon to appear blue for nearly two years.

The older meaning of blue moon to name an extra full moon, as was used in the Maine Farmer's Almanac, was the third full moon in a quarter of the year when there were four full moons. (Normally a quarter year has three full moons.) The division of the year into quarters for this purpose has the dividing line set between March 21 and March 22. This has to do with the rule for setting the date for the Christian Holy Day of Easter, which depends on the last full moon (as calculated by a somewhat inaccurate formula) on or before the Equinox on March 21 (which is also somewhat inaccurate).

This meaning of blue moon was lost when the editors of the original Farmer's Almanac died. It was recovered only when researchers for Sky & Telescope magazine noticed that the Maine Farmer's Almanac from 1829 to 1937 reported blue moons that did not fit the meaning of the term calendar blue moon described below. (See What's a Blue Moon?)The event of a visibly blue moon rarely happens.

In recent times, people have taken to calling a full moon a blue moon based on the Gregorian calendar. By this use of the term, a blue moon is the second of two full moons to occur in the same calendar month. This definition of blue moon originated from a mistake in an article in the 1946 Sky & Telescope magazine, which failed in an attempt to infer the earlier definition used in the original Farmer's Almanac (see above). It was helped to popularity when Deborah Byrd of Earth & Sky walked into the Peridier astronomy library at the University of Texas at Austin one day, leafed through some old magazines, and found the 1948 blue moon article in Sky & Telesscope. She used the definition - the second full moon in a single month - in the radio series Star Date for some years. As a result, the game Trivial Pursuit used a question and answer about "blue moon." Sky & Telescope discovered the error nearly 60 years later and the magazine printed a retraction and correction. But by the time the correction came, the calendar definition had already come into common use. Because it is so much easier to understand, the "mistaken" calendar-based meaning has stuck.

Calendar blue moons occur infrequently, and the saying once in a blue moon is used to describe a rare event. However, they are inevitable because of the mis-match between the solar and lunar cycles. Each calendar year contains 12 full lunar cycles, plus about 11 days to spare. The extra days accumulate, so that while most years contain 12 full moons to match the 12 months, every 2 or 3 years there is a year with 13 full moons. On average, this happens once every 2.72 years.

When there are 13 moons in a year, 12 of them are given the 12 traditional names associated with that time of year (the names vary from culture to culture), and the extra one is termed a blue moon. Which of the 13 moons is termed 'blue' depends on whether it is calculated by the old or the new method.

The months of the Gregorian calendar are all very close to the 29.5306-day period of the moon's phases: the synodic month, or lunation. Most of the months are longer than this by 1 or 2 days, except February, which is the only month which cannot contain a calendar blue moon. Since February is 1 or 2 days shorter than the moon's cycle, very occasionally it has no full moon. There is a full moon at the end of January, and the next one is at the beginning of March. This happens, on average, once every 35 years.

The next two calendar blue moons (based on UTC) will be on June 30, 2007 (but May 31, 2007 in the Western Hemisphere; see below); and December 31, 2009. Because February (according to UTC) will have no full moon in 2018, January and March will each have a calendar blue moon that year.

Occasionally whether a moon is called blue depends on the time zone. Any full moon occurs simultaneously everywhere, but at that moment clocks and calendars are not the same.

For example, when it is early evening on August 31 in Europe, it is already early morning September 1 in Australia. Hence, residents of London seeing a full moon when their clocks and calendar say it is August 31 would call what they see a calendar blue moon. People seeing the same full moon from Sydney would note by their clocks and calendar that it is the early morning of September 1, and they would not term it a blue moon.

Because this is confusing, astronomers worldwide and the calendar makers who rely on them typically choose the time zone of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, in England, or the nearly identical UTC time zone. As a practical matter, because the moon seems to the casual viewer to be full for almost three days, the use of a foreign time zone for calendar markings for full moons makes little difference.

• Based on the meaning behind the old sayings — none
• Due to atmospheric conditions — unpredictable
• July 31, 2004 — Second full moon in July
• August 2005 — Third full moon in a season of four full moons
• May & June 2007 — Second full moon in May or June depending on location.
• May 2008 — Third full moon in a season of four full moons
• December 2009 — Second full moon in December
• November 2010 — Third full moon in a season of four full moons

• Black Moon
• Rising Crescent Moon
• Cheshire Moon
• Full Moon
• New Moon
• Half Moon
• Crescent Moon
• Gibbous Moon
• Harvest Moon
• Lunar phase
• Blood Moon

• Oxford English Dictionary

• What is a Blue Moon? by Michael Myers
• Folklore of the Blue Moon by Philip Hiscock
• What's a Blue Moon? by Donald W. Olson, Richard T. Fienberg, and Roger W. Sinnott - Sky & Telescope
• Once in a Blue Moon - What is a blue moon? by Ann-Marie Imbornoni
• Topical Words - Blue Moon
• Blue Moon: Folklore or fakelore? by Pip Wilson
• A Blue Moon Calculator by David Harper
• On Blue Moons by Kevin Clarke
• Article arguing that a blue moon is the 3rd full moon in a season of 4 blue moons, not the 2nd in a month