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The word borough has many meanings relating to local government in the United States. Since the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution makes local government for the most part a matter for the states rather than the federal government, the states are free to have political subdivisions called "boroughs," or not to do so, and to define the word in many different ways.

Contents 1 Overview of use of word 2 Specific states 2.1 Alaska 2.2 Connecticut 2.3 Minnesota 2.4 New Jersey 2.5 New York 2.6 Pennsylvania 2.7 Virginia 3 References

Those states that have, or have had, political subdivisions called "boroughs" use the word to mean one of the following:

• a county-equivalent (Alaska);
• a type of municipality (Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania; formerly Minnesota); or
• a subdivision of a consolidated city, corresponding to another present or previous political subdivision (New York, Virginia).

Main article: List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska

In Alaska, the word "borough" is used instead of "county." Like counties, boroughs are administrative divisions of the state, but whereas some states use a three-tiered system of decentralization—state/county/township—Alaska only has the first two tiers—state/borough. This is due to the size and nature of Alaska, especially its low population density. The framers of the Alaska Constitution created the borough system to avoid perceived deficiencies of Lower 48 local government.^{[citation needed]}

Each borough in Alaska has a borough seat, which is the administrative center for the borough. The Municipality of Anchorage is a consolidated city-borough, as are Sitka, Juneau, Haines and Yakutat.

Most of the state's area, however, is part of the vast Unorganized Borough, larger than France and Germany combined, which has no borough-level government at all. The United States Census Bureau has divided the Unorganized Borough into eleven census areas for statistical purposes.

Main article: Borough (Connecticut)

In addition to cities, Connecticut also has another type of dependent municipality known as a borough. Boroughs are usually the populated center of a town that decided to incorporate in order to have more responsive local government. When a borough is formed, it is still part of and dependent on its town. There are 9 boroughs in Connecticut. One borough, Naugatuck, is coextensive and consolidated with its town. The other eight boroughs, such as Woodmont, have jurisdiction over only a part of their town. Boroughs in Connecticut are counted as separate municipal governments, but governmental functions performed in other parts of the state by town governments are performed by the parent town of the borough.^[1]

In Minnesota the term borough was applied to one municipality, Belle Plaine, from 1868 to 1974.

Main article: Borough (New Jersey)

In New Jersey, boroughs are independent municipalities and are one of five types of municipal government, each operating separately at the equivalent level of the other four types of municipal government available in New Jersey: Township, Town, City and Village. Many boroughs were formed out of larger townships, but even in such cases there is no continuing link between the borough and the township.

Main article: Borough (New York City)

New York City is subdivided into five boroughs, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, The Bronx and Staten Island. Each of these is coterminous with a county, Kings, New York, Queens, Bronx and Richmond Counties respectively. There are no county governments within New York City for legislative or executive purposes, but there are borough governments composed of a borough president, members of the New York City Council which represent parts of the borough, and the chairmen of the local community boards (see Government of New York City). The powers of the borough governments are inferior to the powers of the city-wide government. The boroughs of New York City are still treated as separate counties for judicial purposes, and for business and legal filings.

Main article: Borough (Pennsylvania)

In Pennsylvania the state laws that govern classes of municipalities, the term borough is used the way other states sometimes use the word "town." A borough is a self-governing entity that is smaller than a city. If an area is not governed by either a borough or city, then the area is governed as a township. Villages or hamlets are unincorporated and have no municipal government, other than the township they are found in. By tradition, as recognized by publications of the state government, the only incorporated town in Pennsylvania is Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania^{[2] [3] [4]} However, in 1975, McCandless Township, in Allegheny County adopted a home rule charter under the name "Town of McCandless". ^[5][6] In August 2005 there were 961 boroughs in the state.^[7]

Main article: Political subdivisions of Virginia

In Virginia, under Code of Virginia § 15.2-3534,^[8] when multiple local governments consolidate to form a consolidated city, the consolidated city may be divided into geographical subdivisions called boroughs, which may be the same as the existing (i) cities, (ii) counties, or (iii) portions of such counties. Those boroughs are not separate local governments. For example, Chesapeake is divided into six boroughs, one corresponding to the former city of South Norfolk and one corresponding to each of the five magisterial districts of the former Norfolk County.^[9] In Virginia Beach, the seven boroughs were abolished effective July 1, 1998.^[10]