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Bristol Bulldog
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Type 105 Bulldog | |
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| Type | Fighter |
| Manufacturer | Bristol Aeroplane Company Filton, Bristol |
| Designed by | Frank Barnwell |
| Maiden flight | 21 January 1928 |
| Introduced | 1929 |
| Primary users | Royal Air Force Spanish Air Force Finnish Air Force Royal Australian Air Force |
| Number built | 443 (including prototypes and licence built) |
The Bristol Bulldog was a Royal Air Force (RAF) single-seat biplane fighter designed during the 1920s by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, with over four hundred Bulldogs produced, that arguably became the most famous aircraft during the RAF's inter-war period.
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In September 1926, the Air Ministry stated a need for a single-seat fighter capable of operating in day and night-time conditions; to be armed with two 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns and to be powered by a radial air-cooled engine. This requirement was laid down in Specification F9/26. The Bulldog was designed by Frank Barnwell, the Chief Designer of the Bristol company, (who had served as a Captain in the British Army during the First World War) as a private venture to meet the requirements of this specification. The prototype Bulldog, the Bulldog Mk. I first flew on 17 May 1927[1]. After initial consideration of all the types entered to meet the specification, the Bulldog and the Hawker Hawfinch were selected for more detailed evaluation [1]. While the Bulldog's manouverability and strength was praised by the RAF [2], it initially had poor spinning recovery properties and was therefore fitted with a lengthened rear fuselage. In this form, it was declared the winner of the competition, having slightly superior speed [2] and was easier to maintain [2], and required less changes to produce an operational aircraft than the Hawfinch [1].
The full-production Bulldog came in the form of the Mk.II, which had a modified structure but in every other respects was identical to the original Bulldog; having two 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns; a capacity for four 20 lb (9 kg) bombs; a 450 hp (336 kW) Bristol Jupiter radial engine; giving the Bulldog a maximum speed of just under 180 mph (290 km/h) and a range of 300 miles (480 km). The aircraft then entered production in 1928, entering service the following year, and becoming, during the early 1930s, the most widely used aircraft in the RAF. It was cheap to maintain and thus, at a time of defence budget constraints, was the more preferable option to any other competitors. The Mk. IIA was again virtually similar to its predecessor, though had a new Jupiter engine and a strengthened structure.
The Bulldog proved to be quite a successful export to foreign air forces, seeing service with Australia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Japan, Latvia, Siam, Spain and Sweden. The Bulldog was withdrawn from RAF service in 1937, being replaced by the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire, both of which would become legends of the RAF for their contribution during the Second World War. The Bristol Bulldog's career was not over though, for the type continued to serve with other air forces.
The Bulldog never saw combat service with the RAF, though during the Abyssinia Crisis of 1935-36, Bristol Bulldogs were sent to the Sudan to reinforce Middle East Command. Douglas Bader, better known for his Second World War actions, lost both of his legs when his Bristol Bulldog crashed while he was performing unauthorised flying acrobatics. A number of Bulldogs, ex-Latvian aircraft, saw service during the Spanish Civil War, as part of the forces fighting the Nationalists. The Bulldogs also saw combat as part of the Finnish Air Force during the Winter War against the Soviet Union, which began in 1939. The Bulldogs fought well against their Soviet opponent, gaining a number of kills, the types being the Polikarpov I-16 and Tupolev SB-2, both of which were quite superior in terms of technology compared to the Bulldog. The Bulldog continued in service during the subsequent Continuation War, again, against the Soviet Union.
- Bulldog I
- Single-seat day and night fighter prototype. 2 built by Bristol Aeroplane Co.
- Bulldog II
- Single-seat day and night fighter version. Powered by a 328-kW (440-hp) Bristol Jupiter VII radial piston engine. 92 built by Bristol Aeroplane.
- Bulldog IIA
- Single-seat day and night fighter version. Powered by a 365-kW (490-hp) Bristol Jupiter VIIF radial piston engine. 268 built by Bristol.
- Bulldog IIIA
- Interim aircraft. Only two aircraft were built by Bristol.
- Bulldog IVA
- Single-seat day and night fighter version. Powered by a 477-kW (640-hp) Bristol Mercury radial piston engine. 18 built by Bristol.
- Bulldog TM
- Two-seat training version. 59 built by Bristol.
- Royal Australian Air Force
- No. 1 Squadron RAAF - Bulldog Mk. IIA
- No. 2 Squadron RAAF - Bulldog Mk. IIA
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Data from British Aircraft Directory [1]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 25 ft 2 in (7.67 m)
- Wingspan: 33 ft 10 in (10.3 m)
- Height: 8 ft 9 in (2.67 m)
- Wing area: 307 ft² (28.5 m²)
- Empty weight: 2,200 lb (1,000 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 3,490 lb (1586 kg)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 155 knots (178 mph , 287 km/h)
- Service ceiling: 29,300 ft (8930 m)
Armament
- Two 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns
- Four 20 lb (9 kg) bombs
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Barnes, C.H. Bristol Aircraft Since 1910. London: Putnam, 1964.
- Crawford. Alex. Bristol Bulldog, Gloster Gauntlet. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2005. ISBN 83-89450-04-6.
- Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992. ISBN ISBN 1-55750-082-7.
Designation sequence
Type 22 F.2 Fighter - Type 24 Braemar - Type 25 Braemar - Type 26 Pullman - Type 105 Bulldog - Type 130 Bombay - Type 142 Blenheim - Type 143
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