Bufo

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True Toads
Monte Verde Toad (Bufo periglenes)
Monte Verde Toad (Bufo periglenes)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Bufo
Laurenti, 1768
Species

See text.

Bufo is a large genus of more than 250 species of true toads in the amphibian family Bufonidae.

Contents

This is a truly cosmopolitan genus, able to live under adverse conditions. However, they do not occur in the Arctic regions, Australia, (with the exception of the introduced Cane Toad (Bufo marinus), New Guinea and the neighbouring islands.

They have in common a stocky figure and short legs, which makes them poor jumpers. As with all members of the toad family Bufonidae, they lack a tail, they lack teeth and they have horizontal pupils. Their dry skin is thick and warty.

Behind their eyes, Bufo species have a wartlike structure, the parotoid glands. These glands distinguish the true toads from all other tailless amphibians. They secrete a fat, white poisonous substance which acts as a deterrent to predators. Ordinary handling of toads is not dangerous (and it certainly does not cause warts!). The venom of most if not all toads contains bufotoxin; the venom of the Sonoran Desert Toad, Bufo alvarius, is a potent hallucinogen containing 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin. The venom's psychoactive effects is said to have been known to Precolumbian Native Americans.

Toads can also inflate their bodies when threatened. Males are usually smaller than females. Male toads also possess the organ of Bidder, an incomplete ovary. The adult males of many species show a dark throat.

Two species are found in the British Isles: the Common Toad (Bufo bufo), and the Natterjack Toad, (Bufo calamita). The former is found almost everywhere. The Natterjack, which differs in its shorter limbs with nearly free toes (which are so short that the toad never hops but proceeds in a running gait) and in usually possessing orange/red warts, green eyes & a pale yellow line along the middle of the back, is local in England, the south-west of Scotland, and the west of Ireland. It is further remarkable for the very loud croak of the males, produced by a large vocal bladder on the throat which, when inflated, is larger than the head.

There are several species of Bufo toads which produce venom that has psychoactive properties. The venom of one species (Bufo alvarius) contains both 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin, while several others contain only bufotenin.[citation needed]

Species in this genus can be quite different, which has led to a recent recommendation in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History to split the genus. Under the proposal, North and South American Bufo species would be moved to their own genus, Anaxyrus.[1] For the moment, though, the relationships between the different species are tentatively formalized by categorizing them into groups:

  • Bufo americanus group
  • Bufo angusticeps group
  • Bufo arabicus group
  • Bufo asper group
  • Bufo blanfordi group
  • Bufo bufo group
  • Bufo debilis group.
  • Bufo guttatus group (now moved to the genus Rhaebo)
  • Bufo granulosus group
  • Bufo margaritifer group
  • Bufo nesiotes, Bufo hypomelas, and the Bufo guttatus group might warrant generic recognition.
  • Bufo peltocephalus group (former Peltophryne).
  • Bufo punctatus group (including the Bufo debilis group).
  • Bufo regularis group
  • Bufo scaber group
  • Bufo stomaticus group
  • Bufo taitanus complex may be paraphyletic with respect to Didynamipus; no unambiguous evidence of monophyly supports this taxon.
  • Bufo tuberosus group.
  • Bufo valliceps group.
  • Bufo veraguensis group.
  • Bufo vertebralis group
  • Bufo viridis group.
  • Bufo woodhousii folweri group.

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Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius)
Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius)
  • Bufo achalensis Cei, 1972 : Cordoba Toad - Previously confused with Bufo spinulosus
  • Bufo achavali Maneyro, Arrieta and de Sa, 2004
  • Bufo acutirostris Spix, 1824
  • Bufo ailaoanus Kou, 1984 : Ejia Toad, Ailao Toad
  • Bufo alatus Thominot, 1884 - Possibly synonym of Bufo acutirostris
  • Bufo alvarius Girard in Baird, 1859 : Colorado River Toad, Sonoran Desert Toad, Girard's Toad
  • Bufo amabilis Pramuk and Kadivar, 2003
  • Bufo amatolicus Hewitt, 1925 : Amatola Toad
  • Bufo amboroensis Harvey and Smith, 1993 : Cochabamba Toad
  • Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 : American Toad - There is introgressive hybridization, along species boundaries. The status of the subspecies is still in doubt.
    • Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook, 1836 : Eastern American Toad
    • Bufo americanus charlesmithi Bragg, 1954 : Dwarf American Toad
American Toad (Bufo americanus)
American Toad (Bufo americanus)
  • Bufo amieti Tandy and Perret, 2000
  • Bufo anderssoni Melin, 1941 : Andersson's Toad
  • Bufo andrewsi Schmidt, 1925 : Andrew's Toad, West China Toad
  • Bufo angusticeps Smith, 1848 : Sand Toad, Common Cape Toad, Narrow-headed Toad
  • Bufo arabicus heyden, 1827 : Arabian Toad
  • Bufo arborescandens Duellman and Schulte, 1992 : Mendoza Pass Toad
  • Bufo arenarum Hensel, 1867 : Argentine Toad
  • Bufo arequipensis Vellard, 1959 : Rio Chili Toad
  • Bufo arunco Molina, 1782 : Concepcion Toad
  • Bufo asmarae Tandy, Bogart, Largen, and Feener, 1982 : Asmara Toad
  • Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829 : Java Toad, Malayan Giant Toad, Rough Toad, River Toad, Giant Asiatic Toad, Barking Toad
  • Bufo aspinius (Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996)
  • Bufo atacamensis Cei, 1962 : Vallenar Toad, Atacama Toad
  • Bufo atukoralei Bogert and Senanayake, 1966 : Yala Toad, Atukorale's Dwarf Toad
  • Bufo bankorensis Barbour, 1908 : Central Formosa Toad, Bankor Toad
  • Bufo baxteri Porter, 1968 : Wyoming Toad, Baxter's Toad - This species used to be a subspecies of Bufo hemiophrys, other still consider it to be the subspecies Bufo americanus hemiophrys.
  • Bufo beddomii Günther, 1876 : Beddome's Toad
  • Bufo beebei Gallardo, 1965 : Rivero's Toad
  • Bufo beiranus Loveridge, 1932 : Beira's Toad
  • Bufo bergi Céspedez, 2000
  • Bufo biporcatus Gravenhorst, 1829 : Indonesian Toad, Philippine Toad, Crested Toad
  • Bufo blanfordii Boulenger, 1882 : Blanford's Toad
  • Bufo blombergi Myers and Funkhouser, 1951 : Colombian Giant Toad, Blomberg's Toad
  • Bufo bocourti Brocchi, 1877 : Bocourt's Toad
  • Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 : Western Toad, Boreal Toad - The geographic variation within this species needs more study. It may mask a number of cryptic species.
    • Bufo boreas boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 : Boreal Toad
    • Bufo boreas halophilus Baird and Girard, 1853 : California Toad
    • Bufo boreas nelsoni Stejneger, 1893 : Amargosa Toad
Western Toad (Bufo boreas)
Western Toad (Bufo boreas)
Arroyo Toad (Bufo californicus)
Arroyo Toad (Bufo californicus)
Great Plains Toad (Bufo cognatus)
Great Plains Toad (Bufo cognatus)
Western Green Toad (Bufo debilis insidior)
Western Green Toad (Bufo debilis insidior)
Southern Toad (Bufo terrestris)
Southern Toad (Bufo terrestris)
Houston Toad (Bufo houstonensis)
Houston Toad (Bufo houstonensis)
Marine Toad (Bufo marinus)
Marine Toad (Bufo marinus)
Red-spotted Toad (Bufo punctatus)
Red-spotted Toad (Bufo punctatus)
Southern Toad (Bufo terrestris)
Southern Toad (Bufo terrestris)
Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii)
Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii)

  • Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World
  • Blair (ed.), 1972, Evol. Genus Bufo.

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