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Burgh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Burgh (pronounced /ˈbʌʀə/) is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a town. The term has been in use since the 12th century, when David I created the first Royal burghs. Recognition of burgh status today, however, has little more than ceremonial value.
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The first burgh was Berwick. By 1130, David I had established burghs at Stirling, Dunfermline, Aberdeen, Perth and Scone, as well as Edinburgh.
Burghs had rights to representation in the Parliament of Scotland. Under the Acts of Union of 1707 many became parliamentary burghs, represented in the Parliament of Great Britain.
Under the Reform Acts of 1832, 32 years after the merger of the Parliament of Great Britain into the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the boundaries of burghs for parliamentary elections ceased to be necessarily their boundaries for other purposes.
When Scottish county councils were created under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 burghs were already important in the local government of Scotland. County councils and burgh councils were both abolished under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which created a new system of regions and districts and island council areas.
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The titular head of a burgh is called a Provost. Most royal burghs retain the title for ceremonial purposes, with the notable exception of the Scottish cities. Under the Provost are magistrates or baillies who both acted as councillors, and in the enforcement of laws. As well as general tasks, they often had specific tasks such as inspecting wine, or ale, or other products sold at market. The common citizen of a burgh was a Burgess (pl. Burgessess). These were freemen, a class which did not include dependants, servants and so on, though freemen might not be wealthy.
Early Burghs were granted the power to trade, which allowed them to control trade until the 19th century. the population of Burgesses could be roughly divided between merchants and craftsmen, and the tensions between the interests of the two classes was often a feature of the cities. Craftsmen were usually organised into guilds. Merchants also had a guild, but many merchants did not belong to it, and it would be run by a small group of the most powerful merchants. The class of merchants included all traders, from stall-holders and pack-men to shop-holders and traders of considerable wealth.
There are several types of burgh, including;
- Royal burgh, founded by Royal charter.
- Burgh of regality, granted to a nobleman or "lord of regality".
- Burgh of barony, granted to a tenant-in chief, with narrower powers.
- Parliamentary burgh or Burgh constituency, a type of parliamentary constituency.
- Police burgh, a burgh operating a "police system" of town government.
As used in this article, the word burgh is derived from Scots language and refers to corporate entities whose legality is peculiar to Scotland. (Scottish law was protected and preserved as distinct from laws of England under the Acts of Union of 1707.) Pronunciation is the same as the English word borough, which is a near cognate of the Scots word.
The word has cognates, or near cognates, in other Germanic languages. For example, burg in German, and borg in both Danish and Swedish. The equivalent word is also to be found in Frisian, Dutch, Norwegian, and Icelandic. In southern England, the word took the form bury, as in Canterbury (Stewart 1967:193).
The Scots language burgh and the English language borough are derived from the Old English language word burh (whose dative singular and nominative/accusative plural form byrig sometimes underlies modern place-names, and which had dialectal variants including burg; it was also sometimes confused with beorh, beorg, 'mound, hill', on which see Hall 2001, 69-70). The Old English word was originally used for a fortified town or proto-castle (e.g., at Dover Castle or Burgh Castle) and was related to the verb beorgan (cf. Dutch and German bergen), meaning "to keep, save, make secure". In German Burg means castle, though so many towns grew up around castles that it almost came to mean city, and is incorporated into many placenames, such as Hamburg and Strasbourg),
A number of other European languages have cognate words which were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning "wall, rampart" in Welsh, bourg in French, borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish (hence the place-name Burgos).
The most obviously derivative words are burgher in English and Bürger in German (both literally citizen, with connotations of middle-class in English and other Germanic languages). Also related are the words bourgeois and belfry (both from the French), and burglar. More distantly, it is related to words meaning hill or mountain in a number of languages (cf. the second element of iceberg). [1] [2]
Burgh is commonly used as a suffix in place names, in Scotland and other countries to which Scots emigrated:
- Edinburgh
- Fraserburgh
- Helensburgh
- Jedburgh
- Leverburgh
- Maryburgh
- Musselburgh
- Newburgh
- Roxburgh
- Williamsburgh (Scotland and the United States)
- Kingsburgh (Scotland and South Africa)
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Plattsburgh, New York, United States
- Edinburgh, Indiana, United States
And as a placename on its own, in the West Germanic countries:
- Burgh, Renfrewshire, Scotland
- Burgh (Netherlands) - a town in the Netherlands in the municipality of Schouwen-Duiveland.
- Burgh, Suffolk, England
- Burgh by Sands, Cumbria, England (pronounced Bruff by Sands)
- Burgh Castle, Norfolk, England
- Burgh le Marsh, Lincolnshire, England
- Burgh on Bain, Lincolnshire, England
- Burgh Island, Devon, England
- Burgh next Aylsham, Norfolk, England
- Burgh St Margaret, Norfolk, England
- Burgh St Peter, Suffolk, England
- Hall, Alaric, 'Old MacDonald had a Fyrm, eo, eo, y: Two Marginal Developments of < eo > in Old and Middle English', Quaestio: Selected Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium in Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, 2 (2001), 60-90.
- Stewart, George R. (1967) Names on the Land. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.