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The Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. It proved especially turbulent, with short-lived sultans. Political power-plays often became important in designating a new sultan. During this time Mamluks fought Timur Lenk and conquered Cyprus. Constant bickering may have contributed to the ability of the Ottomans to challenge them. Their name means 'of the tower', referring to them ruling from the Citadel east of Cairo.

From 1250 Egypt had been ruled by the Turkish Mamluk Bahri dynasty. In 1377 a revolt broke out in Syria which spread to Egypt, and the government was taken over by the Circassians Barakah and Barkuk; Barkuk was proclaimed sultan in 1382, ending the Bahri dynasty. He was expelled in 1389 but recaptured Cairo in 1390. Permanently in power he founded the Burji dynasty.

Barkuk became an enemy of Timur after slaying one of Timur's envoys. Timur threatened to invade Syria, but Barkuk died in 1399; Bayezid I then invaded Syria, but came into conflict with Timur, who took Aleppo and other towns in 1400. Syria was regained by sultan Faraj when Timur died in 1405, but Faraj continually faced rebellions from the emirs there and he was forced to abdicate in 1412.

In 1421 Egypt was attacked by the Kingdom of Cyprus, and although the Egyptians were unable to capture the island they forced the Cypriotes to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Egyptian sultan Barsbai. During Barsbai's reign Egypt's population was greatly reduced from what it had been a few centuries before, with only 1/5 the number of towns. He frequently raided Asia Minor, but died in 1438.

Al-Ashraf came to power in 1453 and had friendly relations with the Ottoman Empire, who captured Constantinople later that year, causing great rejoicings in Egypt. However, under the reign of Khoshkadam, who took power in 1463, Egypt began the struggle between the Egyptian and the Ottoman sultanates which finally led to the incorporation of Egypt in the Ottoman empire. Both Koshkadam and Mehmet II supported different candidates to the principality of Karaman; then in 1467 sultan Kait Bey offended the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II, whose brother was poisoned while being entertained by Kait. Bayezid II seized Adana, Tarsus and other places within Egyptian territory, but was eventually defeated by Kait. Kait also tried to help the Muslims in Spain by threatening the Christians in Syria, but without effect. He died in 1496, leaving several hundred thousand ducats debts to the great Venetian trading families.

In 1515 there began the war with the Ottoman sultan Selim I which led to the incorporation of Egypt and its dependencies in the Ottoman Empire. A result of the Mamluk cavalry charges proving to be no match for the Ottoman artillery and the janissaries. Egyptian sultan Kansuh was charged by Selim with giving the envoys of the Safavid Ismail passage through Syria on their way to Venice to form a confederacy against the Turks, and with harbouring various refugees. At the Battle of Merj Dabik, on August 24, 1515, Kansuh was killed in the fighting. Syria passed into Turkish possession, who were welcomed in many places as deliverance from the Mamelukes.

In 1517 the Ottoman Turks and their sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluks with the capture of Cairo on January 20. The centre of power transferred from Cairo to Istanbul. However, the Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as an Egyptian ruling class and the Mamluks and the Burji family succeeded in regaining much of their influence, but remained technical vassals of the Ottomans.

• 1382-1389 az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq first reign
• 1389 Hajji II second reign (Bahri dynasty)
• 1390-1399 az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq second reign
• 1399-1405 an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Faraj first reign
• 1405 al-Mansur Izz-ad-Din Abd-al-Aziz
• 1405-1412 an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Faraj second reign
• 1412 al-Adil al-Mustain (Abbasid Caliph in Cairo, proclaimed Sultan)
• 1412-1421 al-Muayyad Sayf-ad-Din Tatar
• 1421 al-Muzaffar Ahmad
• 1421 az-Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Tatar
• 1421-1422 as-Salih Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad
• 1422-1437 al-Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din Barsbay
• 1437-1438 al-Aziz Jamal-ad-Din Yusuf
• 1438-1453 az-Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Jaqmaq
• 1453 al-Mansur Fakhr-ad-Din Uthman
• 1453-1461 al-Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din Inal
• 1461 al-Muayyad Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad
• 1461-1467 az-Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Khushqadam
• 1467 az-Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Bilbay
• 1467-1468 az-Zahir Timurbugha
• 1468-1496 al-Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din Qait Bay
• 1496-1498 an-Nasir Muhammad
• 1498-1500 az-Zahir Qansuh
• 1500-1501 al-Ashraf Janbalat
• 1501 al-Adil Sayf-ad-Din Tuman Bay
• 1501-1516 al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri
• 1516 al-Ashraf Tuman Bay

• History of Arab Egypt
• History of Ottoman Egypt