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Bushranger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bushrangers, or bush rangers, were outlaws in the early years of the European settlement of Australia who had the survival skills necessary to use the Australian bush as a refuge to hide from the authorities.
They were roughly analogous to British "highwaymen" and American "Western outlaws," and their crimes often included robbing small-town banks or coach services.
The term "bushranger" evolved to refer to those who abandoned social rights and privileges to take up "robbery under arms" as a way of life, using the bush as their base.[1]
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The use of the word "bushranger" evolved in Australia in the early 19th Century. The first recorded use of the term was in February 1805, when the Sydney Gazette mentioned that a cart had been stopped by three men "whose appearance sanctioned the suspicion of their being bushrangers". From this time onwards, the term was used to denote criminals who attacked people on the roads or in the bush. John Bigge described bushranging in 1821 as "absconding in the woods and living upon plunder and the robbery of orchards." Charles Darwin likewise recorded in 1835 that a bushranger was "an open villain who subsists by highway robbery, and will sooner be killed than taken alive".[2] In Tasmania, escaped convicts who became bushrangers were known as "bolters".[3]
More than 2000 bushrangers are believed to have roamed the Australian countryside, beginning with the convict bolters and drawing to a close after Ned Kelly's last stand at Glenrowan.[4]
Bushranger was originally used to describe predatory escaped convicts fleeing from the early Australian penal colonies. Most turned to stealing supplies from remote settlements and travellers and fencing the stolen goods to other free settlers.
John "Black" Caesar is generally regarded as the first bushranger.[4] He bolted from Sydney Cove several times before being shot dead in 1796.
Bold Jack Donahue is recorded as the last convict bushranger.[4] He was reported in newspapers around 1827 as being responsible for an outbreak of bushranging on the road between Sydney and Windsor. Throughout the 1830s he was regarded as the most notorious bushranger in the colony.[5] Leading a band of escaped convicts, Donahoe became central to Australian folklore as the Wild Colonial Boy.[4]
Bushranging was common on the mainland, but Van Diemen's Land produced the most violent and serious outbreaks of convict bushrangers.[4] Hundreds of convicts were at large in the bush, farms were abandoned and martial law was proclaimed. Indigenous outlaw Musquito defied colonial authorities and led attacks on settlers.
The bushrangers' heyday was the Gold Rush years of the 1850s and 1860s as the discovery of gold gave bushrangers access to great wealth that was portable and easily converted to cash. Their task was assisted by the isolated location of the goldfields and a police force decimated by troopers abandoning their duties to join the gold rush.[4]
George Melville was hanged in front of a large crowd for robbing the McIvor gold escort near Castlemaine in 1853.[4]
Bushranging numbers flourished in New South Wales with the rise of the colonial-born sons of poor, often ex-convict squatters who were drawn to a more glamourous life than mining or farming.[4]
Much of the activity in this era was in the Lachlan Valley, around Forbes, Yass and Cowra.[4]
Frank Gardiner, John Gilbert and Ben Hall led the most notorious gangs of the period. Other active bushrangers included Dan Morgan (bushranger), based in the Murray River, and Captain Thunderbolt, killed outside Uralla.[4]
The increasing push of settlement, increased police efficiency, improvements in rail transport and communications technology, such as telegraphy, made it increasingly difficult for bushrangers to evade capture.
Among the last bushrangers was the Kelly Gang led by Ned Kelly, who were captured at Glenrowan in 1880, two years after they were outlawed.
In 1900 the indigenous Governor Brothers terrorised much of northern New South Wales.[4]
In Australia, bushrangers often attracted public sympathy. In Australian history and iconography bushrangers are held in some esteem in some quarters due to the harshness and anti-Catholicism of the colonial authorities whom they embarrassed, and the romanticism of the lawlessness they represented. Some bushrangers, most notably Ned Kelly in his Jerilderie letter, and in his final raid on Glenrowan, explicitly represented themselves as political rebels. Attitudes to Kelly, by far the most well-known bushranger, exemplify the ambiguous views of Australians regarding bushranging.
In the same way that outlaws feature in many films of the American western genre, bushrangers regularly feature in Australian literature, film, music and television.
Bold Jack Donohue was the first bushranger to have inspired bush ballads.[5]
Robbery Under Arms, by Thomas Alexander Browne (writing as Rolf Boldrewood) was published in serial form in the Sydney Mail from 1882 to 1883.[6] It is an early description of the life and acts of fictional bushrangers. It has been the basis of several films and a television series.[7]
Ned Kelly was the subject of the world's first feature length film, The Story of the Kelly Gang, released in 1906.[8] In the 1970 release Ned Kelly, he was portrayed – to limited popular acclaim – by Mick Jagger. Kelly has been the subject of many more movies, television series, written fiction and music.
Dan "Mad Dog" Morgan was the subject of a feature film, Mad Dog Morgan (1976), starring Dennis Hopper.[9]
Ben Hall and his gang were the subject of several Australian folk songs, including "Streets of Forbes".
| Name | Lived | Area of activity | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mary Ann Bugg | 1834–1867 | Hunter Valley-Tamworth-New England | Pneumonia |
| Matthew Brady, "Gentleman Bushranger" | 1799 – May 4, 1826 | Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania) | Captured by John Batman, hanged. |
| Joe Byrne, one of the Kelly Gang | 1857 - 1880 | North East Victoria | Shot by police |
| Martin Cash | c. 1808–1877 | Tasmania | Prison sentence, released after 13 years |
| John Caesar | 1764–1796 | Sydney area | Shot |
| John Donahue, known as Bold Jack Donahue | c. 1806–1830 | Sydney area | Shot by police |
| John Dunn | 1846–1866 | Western New South Wales | Hanged |
| John Francis | c. 1825–? | Victoria Gold Fields (1853) | Released after giving Queen's Evidence |
| John Fuller, known as Dan Mad Dog Morgan | c. 1830–1865 | New South Wales | Shot |
| Frank Gardiner | c. 1829–c. 1904 | Western New South Wales | Prison sentence, then moved to California |
| John Gilbert | 1842–1865 | Western New South Wales | Shot by police |
| Ben Hall | 1837–1865 | Western New South Wales | Shot by police |
| Steve Hart, one of the Kelly Gang | North East Victoria | Burnt | |
| Joseph Bolitho Johns, known as Moondyne Joe | c. 1828–1900 | Western Australia | Numerous Prison sentences and died a free man |
| Henry Johnson, known as Harry Power | 1819–1891 | North East Victoria | Prison sentence, released |
| Dan Kelly, brother of Ned | c. 1861-1880 | North East Victoria | Burnt |
| Ned Kelly | c. 1854–1880 | North East Victoria | Hanged |
| James Alpin McPherson, known as The Wild Scotchman | 1842-1895 | Gin Gin, Queensland | Died a free man |
| George Melville | 1822–1853 | Hanged | |
| Musquito | c. 1780–1825 | Tasmania | Hanged |
| Johnny O'Meally | 1843–1864 | Western New South Wales | Shot by farmer |
| John Paid, known as Wolloo Jack | from Stanwell Park terrorised Sydney area in the 1820s | ||
| Harry Redford known as "Captain Starlight - The gentleman bushranger"[10] |
c. 1842 - 1901 | Longreach, Queensland | Found not guilty at trial |
| Sam Poo | ?–1865 | Coonabarabran, New South Wales | Hanged |
| Billy Roberts (probably), known as Jack the Rammer | South Eastern New South Wales (1834) | ||
| Codrington Revingstone | South-West Victoria (1850) | ||
| Andrew George Scott, known as Captain Moonlite | 1842-1880 | near Gundagai, New South Wales | Hanged |
| Owen Suffolk | 1829 - ? | Victoria | Died in prison? |
| Frederick Ward, known as Captain Thunderbolt | 1833–1870 | Hunter Valley-Tamworth-New England (1864–1870) | Shot by police |
| William Westwood, known as Jackey Jackey | 1820–1846 | Hanged | |
| Jimmy Governor | 1875–1901 | New South Wales | Hanged |
- ^ AUSTRALIAN BUSH RANGERS. Stand and Deliver, Highwaymen & Highway Robbery. Retrieved on 2007-04-16.
- ^ "Bushranging". The Australian Encyclopædia (5th edn.) 2. (1988). Australian Geographical Society. 582–587. ISBN 1 862760004.
- ^ "Australian History: Convict Bolters", 2006. Accessed 16 April 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k BUSHRANGERS OF AUSTRALIA. National Museum of Australia. Retrieved on 2007-04-16.
- ^ a b Old Windsor Road and Windsor Road Heritage Precincts. Heritage and conservation register. New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
- ^ Robbery Under Arms. Australian Scholarly Editions Centre. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
- ^ Rolf Boldrewood. Internet Movie Database.
- ^ Hogan, David. World's first 'feature' film to be digitally restored by National Film and Sound Archive. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
- ^ Mad Dog Morgan (1976). Internet Movie Database. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
- ^ In Starlight's Wake.
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- Bushrangers Trail at Picture Australia