C-Jun N-terminal kinases

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mitogen-activated protein kinase 8
Identifiers
Symbol	MAPK8 PRKM8
HUGO	6881
Entrez	5599
OMIM	601158
RefSeq	NM_002750
UniProt	P45983
Other data
Locus	Chr. 10 q11.2

mitogen-activated protein kinase 9
Identifiers
Symbol	MAPK9 PRKM9
HUGO	6886
Entrez	5601
OMIM	602896
RefSeq	NM_002752
UniProt	P45984
Other data
Locus	Chr. 5 q35

mitogen-activated protein kinase 10
Identifiers
Symbol	MAPK10 PRKM10
HUGO	6872
Entrez	5602
OMIM	602897
RefSeq	NM_002753
UniProt	P53779
Other data
Locus	Chr. 4 q22-q23

C-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), originally identified as kinases that bind and phosphosphorylate c-Jun on Ser63 and Ser73 within its transcriptional activation domain, are mitogen-activated protein kinases which are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in T cell differentiation and apoptosis. The c-Jun N-terminal of MAPK consists of three isoforms. JNK1 and JNK2 are ubiquitinous distributed, but JNK3 is found mainly in neuronal tissue. JNK1 is involved in inflammatory conditions and cytokine production mediated by AP-1 (Activation Protein 1) such as RANTES, IL-8 and GM-CSF. Recently, JNK1 has been found to regulate Jun protein turnover by phosphorylation and activation of the ubiquitin ligase Itch. JNKs can associate with scaffold proteins JNK Interacting Proteins as well as their upstream kinases JNKK1 and JNKK2 following their activation.