CPU power dissipation

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CPUs (Central processing units) in their various incarnations consume some amount of electric power. This power is dissipated both by the action of the switching devices contained in the CPU (such as transistors or vacuum tubes) as well as energy lost in the form of heat due to the resistivity of the electrical circuits. This is a major consideration in the design of CPUs and the computers they are used in.

Some implementations of CPUs use very little power. For example, the CPUs in mobile phones and pacemakers often use just a few microwatts. On the other hand, CPUs in general purpose microcomputers dissipate significantly more power because of their higher complexity and speed. These microelectronic CPUs may consume power in the order of several watts. Historically, early CPUs implemented with vacuum tubes consumed power in the order of many kilowatts (103 watts).

CPUs for desktop computers typically use more power than any other component inside the computer, except perhaps recent technology video cards which contain special purpose CPUs themselves. The steady trend in CPU power supplies over the past decade has been towards using lower voltages and having considerably higher currents. While energy-saving features have been instituted in PCs for when they are idle, the overall consumption of today's high-drain CPUs is considerable. This is in strong contrast with the much lower energy consumption of CPUs designed for low-power environments. One such CPU, the Intel XScale, can run at 600 MHz with only half a watt of power, whereas x86 PC processors from Intel in the same performance bracket consume roughly eighty times as much energy.

Processor manufacturers usually release two power consumption numbers for a CPU, the typical thermal power, which is measured under normal load, and the maximum thermal power, which is measured under a worst-case set of instructions. For example, the Pentium 4 2.8 GHz has 68.4 W typical thermal power and 85 W maximum thermal power. When the CPU is idle, it will draw far less than the typical thermal power.

There are some engineering reasons for this pattern.

  • Performing at higher speed always requires higher power. Reducing processor speed when possible saves power.
  • New features generally require more transistors, each of which uses power. Turning unused areas off saves power.
  • As a processor model's design matures, smaller transistors, lower-voltage structures, and design experience reduce power consumption.

Contents

Note that these figures include power dissipation due to energy lost by the computer's power supply and some minor peripherals. However, since the CPU component of these early computers easily accounted for most of the computer's power dissipation, they are mentioned here:

If not stated otherwise, the amount of dissipated watts refers to the peak-value.

Model Scale Clock Speed Vcore Power Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
Dual-core PowerPC MPC8641D 90 nm 2 GHz 1.2 V 15-25 W 100
PowerPC 750FX 0.13 µm 900 MHz 1.2 V 3.6 W 250
PowerPC 750CXe 0.18 µm 600 MHz 1.8 V 6 W 100
PowerPC MGT560 (Performance=56 MIPS) 0.20 µm 56 MHz 2.7 V 0.5 W 112
PowerPC 440GX 800 MHz 4.5 W 178
PowerPC 970 1.8 GHz 1.3 V 42 W 43
PowerPC 7400e 1.0 GHz 1.6 V 30 W 33

  • 80321 600 MHz, 0.5 watt

Model Clock Speed Power Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
Pentium 75 MHz 8.0 W 9.4
Pentium 90 MHz 9.0 W 10
Pentium 100 MHz 10.1 W 9.9
Pentium 120 MHz 11.9 W 10.1
Pentium 133 MHz 11.2 W 11.5
Pentium 150 MHz 11.6 W 12.9
Pentium 166 MHz 14.5 W 11.4
Pentium 200 MHz 15.5 W 12.9

Model Clock Speed Power Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
Pentium MMX 166 MHz 13.1 W 12.7
Pentium MMX 200 MHz 15.7 W 12.7
Pentium MMX 233 MHz 17.0 W 13.7

Model Clock Speed Power(TDP) Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
Pentium II Mobile 233 MHz 9 W 25.9
Pentium II Mobile 266 MHz 9.8 W 27.1
Pentium II 233 MHz 34.8 W 6.7
Pentium II (Deschutes) 266 MHz 16.8 W 15.8
Pentium II (Klamath) 266 MHz 38.6 W 6.9
Pentium II (Klamath) 300 MHz 43.0 W 7.0
Pentium II (Deschutes) 400 MHz 24.3 W 16.5
Pentium II 450 MHz 27.1 W 16.6

Model Clock Speed Power (TDP) Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
Pentium III 450 MHz 25.3 W 17.8
Pentium III 500 MHz 28.0 W 17.9
Pentium III-E 500 MHz 13.2 W 37.9
Pentium III-(B) 600 MHz 34.5 W 17.4
Pentium III-E(B) 600 MHz 15.8 W 38.0
Pentium III 700 MHz 18.3 W 38.3
Pentium III 733 MHz 19.1 W 38.4
Pentium III 800 MHz 20.1 W 39.8
Pentium III 850 MHz 25.7 W 33.1
Pentium III 866 MHz 26.1 W 33.2
Pentium III (SECC2) 933 MHz 25.5 W 36.6
Pentium III (FC-PGA) 933 MHz 24.5-28.3 W 35.3
Pentium III (FC-PGA) 1000 MHz 26.1 W 38.3
Pentium III (FC-PGA2) 1000 MHz 29.0 W 34.5
Pentium III (FC-PGA2) 1200 MHz 29.9 W 40.1
Pentium III (FC-PGA2) 1266 MHz 29.5 W 42.9
Pentium III (FC-PGA2) 1400 MHz 31.2 W 44.9

Model Clock Speed Power (TDP) Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
Celeron 300 MHz 19.05 W 15.7
Celeron 333 MHz 20.94 W 15.9
Celeron 366 MHz 21.7 W 16.9
Celeron 400 MHz 23.7 W 16.9
Celeron 433 MHz 24.1 W 18.0
Celeron 466 MHz 25.7 W 18.1
Celeron 500 MHz 27.2 W 18.4
Celeron 533 MHz 28.3 W 18.8
Celeron II 566 MHz 11.9 W 47.6
Celeron II 600 MHz 12.6 W 47.6
Celeron II 633 MHz 16.5 W 38.4
Celeron II 677 MHz 17.5 W 38.7
Celeron II 700 MHz 18.3 W 38.3
Celeron II 733 MHz 19.1-22.8 W 35.0
Celeron II(SL52Y) 733 MHz 22.8 W 32.1
Celeron II (1.6-1.7V) 766 MHz 20.0 W 38.3
Celeron II (1.75V) 766 MHz 23.6 W 32.5
Celeron II (CC0) 800 MHz 20.8 W 38.5
Celeron II (CD0) 800 MHz 24.5 W 32.7
Celeron II (CC0) 850 MHz 22.5 W 37.8
Celeron II (CD0) 850 MHz 25.7 W 33.1
Celeron II (FC-PGA) 1100 MHz 33.0 W 33
Celeron II (FC-PGA2) 1100 MHz 28.9-30.8 W 36.9

Model Clock Speed Power Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
Pentium 4-C 2.4 GHz 67.6 W 35.5
Pentium 4 HT 3.06 GHz 81.8 W 37.4
520J 2.8 GHz 84 W 33.0
560J 3.6 GHz 115 W 31.3

Model Clock Speed Power Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
D805 2.66 GHz 95W 28
D820 2.8 GHz 95W 29.5
D920 2.8 GHz 95W 29.5
D940 3.2 GHz 130W 24.6
D960 B1 Stepping 3.6 GHz 130W 27.7
D960 D0 Stepping 3.6 GHz 95W 37.9

Model Clock Speed Power Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
1.66 GHz 122 W 13.6
1.6 GHz 122 W 13.1
1.5 GHz 107 W 14.0
1.4 GHz 91 W 15.4
1.3 GHz 97 W 13.4
1.0 GHz 100 W 10

Model Clock Speed Power Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
780 2.16 GHz 27 W 80
770 2.13 GHz 27 W 79
765 2.1 GHz 21 W 100
760 2.0 GHz 27 W 74
755 2.0 GHz 21 W 95
750 1.86 GHz 27 W 69
745 1.8 GHz 21 W 86
740 1.73 GHz 27 W 64
735 1.7 GHz 21 W 81.0
730 1.6 GHz 27 W 59.3
725 1.6 GHz 21 W 76.2
715 1.5 GHz 21 W 71.4
705 1.5 GHz 21 W 71.4

Model Clock Speed Power Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
T1400 1.83 GHz 27 W 68.0
T1300 1.66 GHz 27 W 61.5
U1400 1.2 GHz 5.5 W 218.2
U1300 1.06 GHz 5.5 W 192.7

T - Standard, L - Low Voltage, U - Ultra Low Voltage

Model Clock Speed Power Speed:Power ratio [MHz/W]
T2600 2.16 GHz 31 W 70.0
T2500 2.0 GHz 31 W 64.5
T2400 1.83 GHz 31 W 59.0
T2300 1.66 GHz 31 W 53.5
T2050 1.60 GHz 31 W 51.6
L2400 1.66 GHz 15 W 111
L2300 1.50 GHz 15 W 100
U2500 1.20 GHz 9 W 133
U2400 1.06 GHz 9 W 118

E - Desktop, X - Desktop, T - Mobile (standard voltage), L - Mobile (low voltage), U - Mobile (ultra-low voltage)

Model Clock Speed Power L2 Cache
E6850 3.00 GHz 65 W 2x2MB (FSB 1333)
E6750 2.66 GHz 65 W 4MB
E6700 2.66 GHz 65 W 4MB
E6600 2.40 GHz 65 W 4MB
E6550 2.33 GHz 65 W 4MB
E6420 2.13 GHz 65 W 4MB
E6400 2.13 GHz 65 W 2MB
E6320 1.86 GHz 65 W 4MB (FSB 1066)
E6300 1.86 GHz 65 W 2MB (FSB 1066)
E4600 2.40 GHz 65 W 2MB
E4300 1.80 GHz 65 W 2MB (FSB 800)
X6800 2.93 GHz 75 W
T7700 2.40 GHz 35 W 2x2MB
T7600 2.33 GHz 34 W 2x2MB
T7500 2.20 GHz 35 W 2x2MB
T7400 2.17 GHz 34 W 2x2MB
T7300 2.00 GHz 35 W 2x2MB
T7250 2.00 GHz 35 W 2x1MB
T7200 2.00 GHz 34 W 2x2MB
T5600 1.83 GHz 34 W 2x1MB (FSB 667)
T5500 1.67 GHz 34 W 2x1MB (FSB 667)
L7500 1.60 GHz 17 W 2x2MB (FSB 800)
L7400 1.50 GHz 17 W 2x2MB
L7200 1.33 GHz 17 W 2x2MB (FSB 667)
U7600 1.20 GHz 10 W 2x1MB (FSB 533)
U7500 1.06 GHz 10 W 2x1MB

Model Clock Speed Power
QX9650 3.00 Ghz 130 W
QX6850 3.00 GHz 130 W
QX6800 2.93 GHz 130 W
QX6700 2.66 GHz 130 W
Q6700 2.67 GHz 95 W
Q6600 B3 2.40 GHz 105 W
Q6600 G0 2.40 GHz 95 W

Frequency L2 Cache (KB) L3 Cache (MB) Thermal Design Power (W) Maximum Power (W) Minimum TCASE (°C) Maximum TCASE (°C) Proc ID
2.00 GHz 512 58 66 5 70 0F27h/0F29h
2.40 GHz 512 65 75 5 74 0F27h/0F29h
2.66 GHz 512 72 83 5 74 0F27h/0F29h
2.80 GHz 512 74 86 5 75 0F27h/0F29h
3.06 GHz 512 85 101 5 73 0F27h/0F29h
2.40 GHz 512 77 86 5 72 0F25h
2.66 GHz 512 77 86 5 72 0F25h
2.80 GHz 512 77 86 5 72 0F25h
3.06 GHz 512 1 87 102 5 70 0F25h
3.20 GHz 512 1 92 110 5 71 0F25h
3.20 GHz 512 2 92 110 5 71 0F25h

Model Clock Speed Power FSB L2 Cache
3040 1.86 GHz 65 W 1066 MHz 2Mb
3050 2.13 GHz 65 W 1066 MHz 2Mb
3060 2.40 GHz 65 W 1066 MHz 4Mb
3070 2.66 GHz 65 W 1066 MHz 4Mb
5030 2.67 GHz 95 W 667 MHz 2x2Mb
5050 3.00 GHz 95 W 667 MHz 2x2Mb
5060 3.20 GHz 95 W 1066 MHz 2x2Mb
5063 3.20 GHz 95 W 1066 MHz 2x2Mb
5080 3.73 GHz 130 W 1066 MHz 2x2Mb
5110 1.60 GHz 65 W 1066 MHz 4Mb
5120 1.86 GHz 65 W 1066 MHz 4Mb
5130 2.00 GHz 65 W 1333 MHz 4Mb
5140 2.33 GHz 65 W 1333 MHz 4Mb
5150 2.66 GHz 65 W 1333 MHz 4Mb
5160 3.00 GHz 80 W 1333 MHz 4Mb


Model Voltage Power (W)
Thunderbird Athlon 750 MHz 1.75 V 43.8 W
Thunderbird Athlon 800 MHz 1.75 V 45.5 W
Thunderbird Athlon 850 MHz 1.75 V 47.92 W
Thunderbird Athlon 900 MHz 1.75 V 50.7 W
Thunderbird Athlon 950 MHz 1.75 V 52.5 W
Thunderbird Athlon 1000 MHz 1.75 V 54.3 W
Thunderbird Athlon 1400 MHz 1.75 V 73.5 W

Model Clock (MHz) Voltage Power (W) Process (nm)
Palomino Athlon XP 1700+ 1433 MHz 1.75 V 64.0 W 180
Palomino Athlon XP 1800+ 1533 MHz 1.75 V 66.0 W 180
Palomino Athlon XP 1900+ 1600 MHz 1.75 V 68.1 W 180
Palomino Athlon XP 2000+ 1667 MHz 1.75 V 70.5 W 180
Palomino Athlon XP 2100+ 1733 MHz 1.75 V 72 W 180
Thoroughbred A Athlon XP 2200+ 1.65 V 67.9 W 130
Thoroughbred B Athlon XP 2200+ 1800 MHz 1.65 V 62.8 W[1] 130
Thoroughbred B Sempron 2200+ .. 2800+ 1.60V Max 62W 130
Thoroughbred B Geode NX1750+ 1400 MHz 1.25V 25 W[2]
(14 W typ.)		 130
Barton Sempron 3000+ 2000 MHz 1.60 V 62.0 W[3] 130
Barton Athlon XP 2600+ 1917 MHz 1.65 V 68.3 W 130
Barton Athlon XP 3200+ 2250 MHz 1.65 V 76.8 W 130
Barton Mobile Athlon XP-M 2600+ 2167 MHz 1.45 V 45 W 130

Model L2 Cache Voltage Power (W) Process (nanometers)
Newcastle Athlon 64 2800+ 512 KB 1.50 V 89 W 130
Venice Athlon 64 3200+ 512 KB 1.45 V 67 W 90
Clawhammer Athlon 64 3400+ 1 MB 1.50 V 89 W 130
Winchester Athlon 64 3500+ 512 KB 1.40 V 67 W 90
Orleans Athlon 64 3500+ EE 512 KB 1.20-1.25 V 35 W 90
G1 Athlon 64 3500+ 512 KB 1.20 - 1.35 V 45 W 65
Orleans Athlon 64 3800+ 512 KB 1.40 V 62 W 90
G1 Athlon 64 3800+ 512 KB 1.25 - 1.40 V 45 W 65
F3 Athlon 64 4000+ 512 KB 1.25 - 1.40 V 62 W 90
San Diego Athlon 64 4000+ 1 MB 1.35 V 89 W 90
? Athlon (64) LE-1600 (2.2 GHz) 1 MB 1.25 - 1.40 V 45 W 65
? Athlon (64) LE-1620 (2.4 GHz) 1 MB 1.25 - 1.40 V 45 W 65

Model L2 Cache Voltage Power
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 3600+ 512 KB 89 W
Brisbane Athlon 64 X2 3600+ EE 512 KB 1.35 V 65 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 3800+ 1 MB 1.20 - 1.25 V 89 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 3800+ EE 1 MB 1.20 - 1.25 V 65 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 3800+ EE SFF 1 MB 1.025 - 1.075 V 35 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 3800+ 1 MB 1.30 - 1.35 V 89 W
Brisbane Athlon 64 X2 4000+ 1 MB 1.25 - 1.35 V 65 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 4200+ EE 1 MB 1.20 - 1.25 V 65 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 4200+ 1 MB 1.30 - 1.35 V 89 W
Manchester Athlon 64 X2 4200+ and below 1 MB 1.35 V 89 W
Brisbane Athlon 64 X2 4400+ 1 MB 1.25 - 1.35 V 65 W
Toledo Athlon 64 X2 4400+ 2 MB 1.35 V 89/110W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 4600+ EE 1 MB 1.20 - 1.25 V 65 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 4600+ 1 MB 1.30 - 1.35 V 89 W
Manchester Athlon 64 X2 4600+ 1 MB 1.35 V 110 W
Brisbane Athlon 64 X2 4800+ 1 MB 1.25 - 1.35 V 65 W
Brisbane Athlon 64 X2 5000+ 1 MB 1.25 - 1.35 V 65 W
Brisbane Athlon 64 X2 5000+ Black Edition 1 MB 1.25 - 1.35 V 65 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 5000+ EE 1 MB 1.20 - 1.25 V 65 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 5000+ 1 MB 1.30 - 1.35 V 89 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 5200+ EE 2 MB 1.20 - 1.25 V 65 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 5200+ 2 MB 1.30 - 1.35 V 89 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 5400+ 1 MB 1.30 - 1.35 V 89 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 5600+ 2 MB 1.30 - 1.35 V 89 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 6000+ 2 MB 1.35 - 1.40 V 125 W
Windsor Athlon 64 X2 6400+ Black Edition 2 MB 1.35 - 1.40 V 125 W


AMD Athlon X2 (first release on June 1, 2007)

Model Clock Speed L2 Cache Voltage Power
Brisbane Athlon X2 BE-2300 1900 MHz 1 MB 1.25V 45 W
Brisbane Athlon X2 BE-2350 2100 MHz 1 MB 1.25V 45 W
Brisbane Athlon X2 BE-2400 2300 MHz 1 MB 1.25V 45 W

Model Clock Speed Power
FX-51 1MB 2200 MHz 89 W
FX-53 1MB 2400 MHz 89 W
FX-55 1MB 2600 MHz 104 W
FX-57 1MB 2800 MHz 104 W
FX-60 2x1MB 2600 MHz 110 W
FX-62 2x1MB 2800 MHz 125 W
FX-70 2x1 MB 2600 MHz 125 W
FX-72 2x1 MB 2800 MHz 125 W
FX-74 2x1 MB 3000 MHz 125 W

Model Clock Speed Power
3100+ (Socket 754) 1800 MHz 62 W


AMD Sempron (Socket AM2)

Stepping Model Clock Speed L2 Cache Voltage Power
G1 LE-1100 1900 MHz 256 kB 1.20 - 1.40 V 45 W
G1 LE-1150 2000 MHz 256 kB 1.20 - 1.40 V 45 W
G1 LE-1200 2100 MHz 512 kB 1.20 - 1.40 V 45 W
G2 LE-1250 2200 MHz 512 kB 1.20 - 1.40 V 45 W

Model Clock Speed Power
2500+ (Socket 754) 1400 MHz 62 W

Model Clock Speed Volts Power
Turion 64 ML-28 1600 MHz 1.35V 35 W
Turion 64 ML-30 1600 MHz 1.35V 35 W
Turion 64 ML-32 1800 MHz 1.35V 35 W
Turion 64 ML-34 1800 MHz 1.35V 35 W
Turion 64 ML-37 2000 MHz 1.35V 35 W
Turion 64 ML-40 2200 MHz 1.35V 35 W
Turion 64 ML-42 2400 MHz 1.35V 35 W
Turion 64 ML-44 2400 MHz 1.35V 35 W
Turion 64 MK-36 2000 MHz 1.15V 31 W
Turion 64 MK-38 2200 MHz 1.15V 31 W
Turion 64 MT-28 1600 MHz 1.20V 25 W
Turion 64 MT-30 1600 MHz 1.20V 25 W
Turion 64 MT-32 1800 MHz 1.20V 25 W
Turion 64 MT-34 1800 MHz 1.20V 25 W
Turion 64 MT-37 2000 MHz 1.20V 25 W
Turion 64 MT-40 2200 MHz 1.20V 25 W

Model Clock Speed Volts Power
Turion 64 X2 TL-60 2000 MHz 1.10V 35 W
Turion 64 X2 TL-64 2200 MHz 1.10V 35 W
Turion 64 X2 TL-56 1800 MHz 1.10V 33 W
Turion 64 X2 TL-50 1600 MHz 1.10V 31 W
Turion 64 X2 TL-52 1600 MHz 1.10V 31 W

Model Clock Speed Power
Nehemiah 1000 MHz 11.25 W

Model Clock Speed Power
Eden-N 533 MHz 4 W
Eden-N 800 MHz 6 W
Eden-N 1000 MHz 7 W

Model Clock Speed Power
C7 Esther 1500 MHz 12 W
C7 Esther 2000 MHz 20 W
C7-D Esther 1800 MHz 20 W


Power consumption graph

  1. ^ AMD Athlon XP Processor Model 10 with 256K L2 Cache Data Sheet
  2. ^ AMD Geode™ NX Processors Data Book
  3. ^ AMD Sempron Processor Model 10 Data Sheet
  1. Weik, Martin H. (1955). "A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems". United States Department of Commerce Office of Technical Services.
  2. http://developer.intel.com/design/itanium2/documentation.htm#datasheets
  3. http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickreffam.htm
  4. http://www.intel.com/design/mobile/datashts/24297301.pdf
  5. http://www.intel.com/design/intarch/prodbref/27331106.pdf
  6. http://www.via.com.tw/en/products/processors/c7-d/
  7. http://mbsg.intel.com/mbsg/glossary.aspx
  8. http://download.intel.com/design/Xeon/datashts/25213506.pdf

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