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Calcitonin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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calcitonin/calcitonin-related polypeptide, alpha
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| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CALCA CALC1 |
| HUGO | 1437 |
| Entrez | 796 |
| OMIM | 114130 |
| RefSeq | NM_001741 |
| UniProt | P01258 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 11 p15.4 |
Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the C cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body.[1]
It has been found in fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. Its importance in humans has not been as well established as its importance in other animals.[2]
Contents |
It is formed by proteolytic cleavage of a larger prepropeptide which is the product of the CALC1 gene (CALCA), which itself is part of a superfamily of related protein hormone precusors including Islet amyloid precursor protein, Calcitonin gene-related peptide and the precursor of Adrenomedullin.
The hormone participates in calcium (Ca2+) and phosphorus metabolism. In many ways, calcitonin has the counter effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Specifically, calcitonin reduces blood Ca2+ levels in three ways:
- Decreasing Ca2+ absorption by the intestines[3]
- Decreasing osteoclast activity in bones[4]
- Decreasing Ca2+ and phosphate reabsorption by the kidney tubules[5]
Its actions, broadly, are:
- Bone mineral metabolism
- Prevent postprandial hypercalcemia resulting from absorption of Ca2+ from foods during a meal
- Promote mineralization of skeletal bone
- Protect against Ca2+ loss from skeleton during periods of Ca2+ stress such as pregnancy and lactation
- Vitamin D regulation
- A satiety hormone
- Inhibit food intake in rats and monkeys
- May have CNS action involving the regulation of feeding and appetite
The calcitonin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor which is coupled by Gs to adenylyl cyclase and thereby to the generation of cAMP in target cells.
Calcitonin was purified in 1962 by Copp and Cheney.[6] While it was initially considered a secretion of the parathyroid glands, it was later identified as the secretion of the C-cells of the thyroid gland.
Salmon calcitonin is used for the treatment of:
- Postmenopausal osteoporosis
- Hypercalcaemia
- Paget's disease
- Bone metastases
- Phantom limb pain[7]
- ^ http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section5/5ch6/s5ch6_21.htm
- ^ http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section5/5ch6/s5ch6_23.htm
- ^ http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section5/5ch6/s5ch6_26.htm
- ^ http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section5/5ch6/s5ch6_24.htm
- ^ http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section5/5ch6/s5ch6_25.htm
- ^ Copp DH, Cheney B. Calcitonin-a hormone from the parathyroid which lowers the calcium-level of the blood. Nature 1962;193:381-2. PMID 13881213
- ^ "Calcitonin in phantom limb pain": Ann Pharmacother. 1999 Apr;33(4):499-501 PMID: 10332543
Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones
Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin, lipotropin - Anterior pituitary: α (FSH, LH, TSH), GH, prolactin, POMC (ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin) - Pineal gland: melatonin
Thyroid: thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH - Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA - Pancreas: glucagon- insulin, somatostatin
Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Liver: IGF-1 - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin
Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin (pregnancy) - Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone
Angiotensin - Bombesin - Bradykinin - Calcitonin - Calcitonin gene-related peptide - Carnosine - Cholecystokinin - Delta sleep-inducing peptide - FMRFamide - Galanin - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide - Gastrin releasing peptide - Gastrin - Motilin - Neuromedin B - Neuropeptide Y - Neurophysins - Neurotensin - Opioid peptide - Pancreatic polypeptide - Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide - Secretin - Tachykinins - Vasoactive intestinal peptide - Vasopressin
Hypothalamic: Somatostatin - CRH - GnRH - GHRH - Orexins - TRH - POMC (ACTH, MSH, Lipotropin)