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Captain Swing was the name appended to some of the threatening letters during the rural English Swing Riots of 1830. These were popular protests by impoverished farm workers across the agricultural south of England, and they had a number of structural causes. The main targets for protesting crowds were farmers, whose threshing machines they destroyed or dismantled, and who they petitioned for a rise in wages. They also demanded contributions of food, money, beer (or all three) from their victims. Often they sought to enlist local parish officials and occasionally magistrates to raise levels of poor relief as well. Throughout England 600 rioters were imprisoned; 500 sentenced to transportation; and 19 executed.

The protests were notable for their discipline and the customary protocols favoured by the crowds, characteristics that which were very much part of the tradition of popular protest going back to the eighteenth century. The structural reasons for the Swing 'riots' (or risings) are relatively straightforward - un- and underemployment, low wages, low levels of relief and competition for winter employment from machinery. However the nature of the events of 1830 suggest that they may demand just as subtle an interpretation as the events of the previous century.

For the majority of contemporaries, the riotous, but largely bloodless actions of the crowds presented less cause for alarm than the high incidence of incendiarism during the period of Swing (October to December 1830). Swing the rick burner was not only more destructive, but infinitely harder to apprehend than the rioters in this heightened atmosphere of tension and hostility. The relationship between Swing the rick burner and Swing the protester is difficult to assess - although there is little doubt that a relationship existed. Whatever the immediate motivations of the arsonists of 1830 and 1831, their actions undoubtedly gave added strength to the demands of the protesting crowds.

Just like the Luddites of 1812, the movement had an imaginary leader with a multiple-use name. His name was no doubt chosen, in a form of black humour, to echo the gallows which awaited rebels who got involved in his movement.

Examples of threatening 'Swing' letters delivered anonymously in 1830

Sir, Your name is down amongst the Black hearts in the Black Book and this is to advise you and the like of you, who are Parson Justasses, to make your wills. Ye have been the Blackguard Enemies of the People on all occasions, Ye have not yet done as ye ought,.... Swing

Sir, This is to acquaint you that if your thrashing machines are not destroyed by you directly we shall commence our labours. Signed on behalf of the whole ... Swing

this is to inform you what you have to undergo Gentlemen if providing you Dont pull down your mashines and rise the poor mens wages the married men give tow and six pence a day a day the singel tow shillings or we will burn down your barns and you in them. this is the last notis from .... (illegible)

The eponym 'Captain Swing' has continued to resonate with protestors, radicals, and self-conscious "rebels" down to the present day. An early version of the New Wave rock group the "Cars" was called "Cap'n Swing." "Captain Swing" has been used as a band name by at least two radical folk groups, as an album name by a famous and successful female solo artist, and as a pseudonym for at least one eco-protestor. Nonetheless, the risings of 1830 - which were, in scale at least, undoubtedly the most important in rural England since the thirteenth century - are generally less well-known than their urban-industrial counterpart, the Luddite disturbances.

Contents 1 In fiction 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

Captain Swing is a prominent character in the steampunk novel The Difference Engine by William Ford Gibson and Bruce Sterling.

A Captain Swing features in Terry Pratchett's Discworld novel Night Watch which features riots and risings. In this book though Captain Swing is a corrupt servant of the government.

• Luddite

• Captain Swing (Eric Hobsbawm & George Rudé, 1969).

• Captain Swing in Sussex and Kent (Mike Matthews, 2006).

• article from 1831 in The Guardian newspaper.