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Caroline of Brunswick
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Caroline Amalie Elisabeth | |
|---|---|
| Queen consort of the United Kingdom (more...) | |
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| Consort | 29 January 1820 – 7 August 1821 |
| Consort to | George IV |
| Issue | |
| Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales | |
| Titles | |
| HM Queen Caroline of the United Kingdom, HRH The Princess of Wales HSH Duchess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel |
|
| Royal house | House of Hanover House of Welf |
| Father | Karl William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel |
| Mother | Princess Augusta Frederika of Wales |
| Born | 17 May 1768 Brunswick |
| Died | 7 August 1821 (aged 53) London |
| Burial | Brunswick Cathedral |
Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (later Queen Caroline; 17 May 1768 – 7 August 1821) was the queen consort of George IV of the United Kingdom from 29 January 1820 to her death.
Contents |
Caroline was born Caroline Amelie Elisabeth[1] on 17 May 1768 at Brunswick (German:Braunschweig) in Germany, daughter of Karl William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Princess Augusta Frederika of Wales, eldest sister of George III.
She married the British king's eldest son, her first cousin, on 8 April 1795 at St. James's Palace in London. Her new husband, the future George IV then Prince of Wales, regarded Caroline as unattractive and unhygienic; he also suspected that she was not a virgin when they married. He himself had already secretly married Maria Fitzherbert; however, his marriage to Fitzherbert violated the Royal Marriage Act of 1772 and thus was not legally valid.[2]
For Caroline's part, she found her husband equally unattractive, and the prince's correspondence reveals that the couple only had sexual intercourse three times during their marriage: twice during the first night, and once the second night.[2] Princess Charlotte Augusta, George's only legitimate child, was born from one of these unions on 7 January 1796. The Prince and Princess of Wales never lived together afterwards, and appeared separately in public, both becoming involved in affairs with other lovers.
It was alleged that her marriage was made uncomfortable by George IV's affair with royal courtesan Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey. However, it is more likely that Caroline had little interest in her husband, and thus little interest in who he might be involved with romantically.
Caroline was prevented from seeing her daughter on a day-to-day basis, and was eventually banished in 1799 to a private residence ('The Pagoda') in Blackheath, where she allegedly had affairs with the politician George Canning and the admiral Sir Sidney Smith.
In 1806, it was rumoured that a child living with her was her son, in which case he would have a right of succession, if his father were the Prince of Wales. A secret investigation was set up, the "Delicate Investigation", but did not prove the allegation, although it showed that her conduct was improper. In 1814, the Princess left the country and went to live abroad, running up large debts throughout Europe and taking other lovers. During this period, the couple's daughter, who had married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, died after giving birth to her only child, a stillborn son. She was notified of the tragedy by a private letter from her grieving son-in-law.[2]
Her estranged husband's accession to the Throne in 1820 brought Caroline back to Britain. She had declined monetary offers to stay away. When she arrived in England on 6 June, riots broke out in support of her. The King asked his ministers to get rid of her. The Pains and Penalties Bill 1820 was introduced in Parliament in order to strip Caroline of the title of queen consort and dissolve her marriage. It was claimed that Caroline had been involved with a low-born man, Bartolomeo Pergami, on the continent. The bill passed the House of Lords, but was not submitted to the House of Commons as there was little prospect that the Commons would pass it. Caroline indicated that she had indeed committed adultery with one man - the husband of Mrs. Fitzherbert (referring to the King).[2] Caroline was turned away from the coronation on 21 July 1821 at the doors of Westminster Abbey. Despite the King's best attempts, Caroline retained a very strong popularity amongst the masses, and therefore wielded considerable power in spite of his disliking her.
| Styles of Queen Caroline |
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| Reference style | Her Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Ma'am |
On the night of the coronation, Caroline fell ill, vomiting, with an erratic pulse. She died three weeks later. Even up till her last moments, she was being reported on by a man named Stephen Lushington, who conveyed his insights to the King’s loyal supporter, the Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool. Exactly why this deathbed surveillance was carried out remains unclear, and the surviving documentation is patchy in the extreme. The exact cause of her death has never been ascertained, but Caroline was certain that she had been poisoned. Her physicians thought it to be an intestinal obstruction.[2] Caroline, knowing she would die, forbade an autopsy. She died at age 53 on 7 August 1821. She legally remained queen consort of the United Kingdom, but she was buried in her native Brunswick. Her tomb is inscripted "Here lies Caroline, the Injured Queen of England".[2]
- The story of Caroline's battle to be recognised as Queen Consort was the basis for the BBC one-off drama A Royal Scandal, which attempted to draw parallels between Caroline and Diana, Princess of Wales. Susan Lynch played Caroline of Brunswick and Richard E. Grant played George IV.
- She is mentioned in the third series of the BBC comedy Blackadder, which focused on the time of her future husband's life while he was Prince Regent, before he met her. Blackadder, the Prince's butler, is searching for a possible wife for the prince, and mentions Caroline of Brunswick as the only one suitable to marry him, but then dismisses her because she "has the worst personality in Germany".
- 17 May 1768 – 8 April 1795: Her Serene Highness Duchess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
- 8 April 1795 – 29 January 1820: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales
- 29 January 1820 – 7 August 1821: Her Majesty Queen Caroline
At her death, Caroline's official title was Her Majesty Caroline, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Princess-Electress of Hanover, Duchess of Brunswick and Lunenburg
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales | 7 January 1796 | 6 November 1817 | married 1816, Prince Leopold George Frederick of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield; no surviving issue |
- ^ Lundy, Darryl, thePeerage, <http://www.thepeerage.com/p10079.htm#i100790>. Retrieved on October 24, 2007
- ^ a b c d e f Shingleton (November-December 2006). "The Tumultous Marriage of The Prince and The Princess of Wales". ACOG Clinical Review 11: 13-16.
- ^ a b c Lundy, Darryl, thePeerage, <http://www.thepeerage.com/p10934.htm#i109332>. Retrieved on October 24, 2007
- ^ Lundy, Darryl, thePeerage, <http://www.thepeerage.com/p10934.htm#i109331>. Retrieved on October 24, 2007
- ^ Lundy, Darryl, thePeerage, <http://www.thepeerage.com/p10097.htm#i100969>. Retrieved on October 24,2007
- ^ Lundy, Darryl, thePeerage, <http://www.thepeerage.com/p298.htm#i2978>. Retrieved on October 24, 2007
Popular legend states that upon the death of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Duke of Wellington came to tell the King the news and announced "Sire, your greatest enemy has died." The startled King is said to have responded "Is She, by God!"
- Pictures of Caroline of Brunswick from London’s National Portrait Gallery
| British royalty | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz |
Queen Consort of the United Kingdom 1820-1821 |
Succeeded by Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen |
| German royalty | ||
| Preceded by Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz |
Queen Consort of Hanover 1820-1821 |
Succeeded by Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen |
| Peerage of Great Britain | ||
| Preceded by Augusta of Saxe-Gotha |
Princess of Wales 1795-1820 |
Succeeded by Alexandra of Denmark |
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Camilla (styled Duchess of Cornwall) Diana Spencer (1981–1997) · Mary of Teck (1901–1910) · Alexandra of Denmark (1863–1901) · Caroline of Brunswick (1795–1820) · Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (1736–1751) · Caroline of Ansbach (1714–1727) · Catherine of Aragon (1501–1502) · Anne Neville (1470–1471) · Joan of Kent (1361–1376) |
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| HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh |
| Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1936–1952) · Mary of Teck (1910–1936) · Alexandra of Denmark (1901–1910) · Albert, Prince Consort (1840–1861) · Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen (1830–1837) · Caroline of Brunswick (1820–1821) · Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1761–1818) · Caroline of Ansbach (1727–1760) · George, Duke of Cumberland (1707–1708) |