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Caspian Sea
As captured by the MODIS on the orbiting Terra satellite
Coordinates	40°0′N 51°0′ECoordinates: 40°0′N 51°0′E
Lake type	Endorheic Saline Permanent Natural
Primary sources	Volga River
Primary outflows	Evaporation
Catchment area	3,626,000 km² (1,400,000 sq mi)[1]
Basin countries	Azerbaijan Iran Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan
Surface area	371,000 km² (143,200 sq mi)
Average depth	184 m (604 ft)
Max depth	1,025 m (3,363 ft)
Water volume	78,200 km³ (18,750 cu mi)
Residence time (of lake water)	250 years
Surface elevation	-28 m (-92 ft)

The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.^[2][3] It has a surface area of 371,000 square kilometers (143,244 sq mi) and a volume of 78,200 cubic kilometers (18,761 cu mi).^[4] It is an endorheic body of water (has no outflows), and lies between the southern areas of the Russian Federation and northern Iran. It has a maximum depth of about 1025 meters (3,363 ft). It is called a sea because when the Romans first arrived there, they tasted the water and found it to be salty.^[5] It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of most saltwater.

It is named after the ancient Caspians.

Contents 1 Geography 2 Salinity 3 Cities near the Caspian Sea 4 Islands 5 History 6 Fauna 7 Hydrocarbon resources 7.1 Historical development 7.2 Current issues 8 International disputes 8.1 Eurasia Canal 9 Characteristics and ecology 10 Transportation 11 Freezing 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links

The Caspian Sea is bordered by five countries:

• Kazakhstan, to the north & northeast.
• Turkmenistan on the southern half of the eastern shore
• Iran has the southern shore with (Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces)
• Azerbaijan on the southern part of the western shore, including its capital, Baku.
• Russian Federation to the northwest with Dagestan, Kalmykia, and Astrakhan Oblast.

Major natural features around the Caspian Sea include:

• The Caspian Depression to the north of the Caspian Sea.
• The central Asian steppes to the northeast.
• The Caucasus mountains on the border between Russia and Azerbaijan.
• The Garabogazköl on the eastern shore.

The sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Manych Canal and the Volga-Don Canal.

Depending on the inflow of fresh water from its effluents, the Caspian Sea is a fresh-water lake in its northern portions. It is more saline on the Iranian shore. The largely dried-up Garabogazköl embayment routinely exceeds oceanic salinity.

Major cities by the Caspian Sea:

• Alyat, Azerbaijan
• Astara, Azerbaijan
• Avrora, Azerbaijan
• Baku, Azerbaijan
• Bank, Azerbaijan
• Buzovna, Azerbaijan
• Gobustan, Azerbaijan
• Kala, Azerbaijan
• Khudat, Azerbaijan
• Khachmaz, Azerbaijan
• Lankaran, Azerbaijan
• Massally, Azerbaijan
• Nabran, Azerbaijan
• Oil Rocks, Azerbaijan
• Syzan, Azerbaijan
• Sangachaly, Azerbaijan
• Sumqayit, Azerbaijan
• Primorisk, Azerbaijan
• Prishib, Azerbaijan
• Astara, Iran
• Babolsar, Iran

• Bandar Anzali, Iran
• Chaloos, Iran
• Lahijan, Iran
• Noshahr, Iran
• Ramsar, Iran
• Rasht, Iran
• Sari, Iran

• Atyrau, Kazakhstan (formerly Guriev)
• Aqtau, Kazakhstan (formerly Shevchenko)
• Astrakhan, Russia
• Derbent, Russia
• Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan (formerly Krasnovodsk)
• Makhachkala, Russia

• Ashuradeh
• Bulla
• Çikil
• Çilov
• Gil
• Nargin
• Pirallahı
• Ogurchinskiy (Turkmenistan)
• Qara Su
• Qum
• Səngi Muğan
• Vulf
• Zənbil

The Caspian Sea is a remnant of the Tethys Sea, along with the Black and Aral seas. It became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago. Discoveries in the Huto cave near the town of Behshahr, Mazandaran south of the Caspian in Iran, suggest human habitation of the area as early as 75,000 years ago.[2]

In classical antiquity among Greeks and Persians it was called the Hyrcanian Ocean. In Persian antiquity, as well as in modern Iran, it is known as the Khazar (Persian خزر) or Mazandaran (Persian مازندران) Sea. In Turkic speaking countries it is known as the Khazar Sea. Old Russian sources call it the Khvalyn (Khvalynian) Sea after the Khvalis, inhabitants of Khwarezmia. Ancient Arabic sources refer to Bahr-e-Qazvin — the Caspian/Qazvin Sea.

The word Caspian is derived from the name of the Caspi (Persian کاسی), an ancient people that lived to the west of the sea in Transcaucasia.^[6] Strabo wrote that "to the country of the Albanians belongs also the territory called Caspiane, which was named after the Caspian tribe, as was also the sea; but the tribe has now disappeared".^[7] Moreover, the Caspian Gate, which is the name of a region in Tehran province of Iran, is another possible piece of evidence that they migrated to the south of the sea.

Historic cities by the sea include

• Hyrcania, ancient state in the north of Iran
• Tamisheh, Mazandaran province of Iran
• Anzali, Gilan province of Iran
• Atil, Khazaria
• Khazaran
• Baku, Azerbaijan
• Sumgait, Azerbaijan
• Astara, Iran, Azerbaijan

The Caspian Sea holds great numbers of sturgeon, which yield eggs that are processed into caviar. In recent years overfishing has threatened the sturgeon population to the point that environmentalists advocate banning sturgeon fishing completely until the population recovers. However, prices for sturgeon caviar are so high that fisherman can afford to pay similarly high bribes to authorities to look the other way, making regulations in many locations ineffective.[3] Caviar harvesting further endangers the fish stocks, since it targets reproductive females.

The Caspian Seal, (Phoca caspica, Pusa caspica in some sources) which is endemic to the Caspian Sea, is one of very few seal species that live in inland waters (see also Baikal Seal).

The area has given its name to several species of birds, including the Caspian Gull and the Caspian Tern.

There are several species and subspecies of fish endemic to the Caspian Sea, including the Kutum (also known as Caspian White Fish), Caspian Roach, Caspian Bream (some report that the Bream occurring in the Aral Sea is the same subspecies), and a Caspian "salmon" (a subspecies of trout, Salmo trutta caspiensis). The "Caspian salmon" is critically endangered.[4]

The Caspian area is rich in energy resources. Wells were being dug in the region as early as the 10th century.^[8] By the 1500s Europeans were aware of the rich oil and gas deposits around the area. English traders Thomas Bannister and Jeffrey Duckett described the area around Baku as “a strange thing to behold, for there issueth out of the ground a marvelous quantity of oil, which serveth all the country to burn in their houses. This oil is black and is called nefte. There is also by the town of Baku, another kind of oil which is white and very precious, and it is called petroleum"^[9]

The world’s first offshore wells and machine-drilled wells were made in Bibi-Heybat Bay, near Baku, Azerbaijan. In 1873 exploration and development of oil began in some of the largest fields known to exist in the world at that time on the Absheron peninsula near the villages of Balakhanli, Sabunchi, Ramana and Bibi Heybat. Total recoverable reserves at that time number more than 500 million tons. By 1900 Baku had more than 3,000 oil wells, 2,000 of which were producing at industrial levels. By the end of the 19th Baku's fame as the "Black Gold Capital" was spreading throughout of the world, causing many skilled workers and specialists to flock to the city

By the turn of the 20th century, Baku was the global center for the international oil industry. In 1920, when the Bolsheviks captured Azerbaijan, all private property - including oil wells and factories - was confiscated. After that, the republic's entire oil industry was directed towards the purposes of the Soviet Union. By 1941 Azerbaijan was producing a record 23.5 million tons of oil, and the Baku region supplied nearly 72% of all oil extracted in the entire USSR.^[8]

In 1994 the "Contract of the Century" was signed, signaling the start of major international development of the Baku oil fields. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, a major pipeline allowing Azerbaijan oil to flow straight to the Turkish Mediterranean port of Ceyhan, opened in 2006.

The oil in the Caspian basin is estimated to be worth over USD $12 trillion dollars. The sudden collapse of the USSR and subsequent opening of the region has led to an intense investment and development scramble by international oil companies. In 1998 Dick Cheney commented that "I can't think of a time when we've had a region emerge as suddenly to become as strategically significant as the Caspian."^[10]

A key problem to further development in the region is the status of the Caspian Sea and the establishment of the water boundaries among the five littoral states (see below). The current disputes along Azerbaijan's maritime borders with Turkmenistan and Iran could potentially effect future development plans.

Much controversy currently exists over the proposed Trans-Caspian oil and gas pipelines. These projects would allow western markets easier access to Kazakh oil, and potentially Uzbek and Turkmen gas as well. The United States has given its support for the pipelines. Russia opposes the project, however, officially on environmental grounds. Analysts note that the pipelines would bypass Russia completely, thereby denying the country valuable transit fees, as well as destroying its current monopoly on westward-bound hydrocarbon exports from the region. ^[11] Recently both Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have expressed their support for the Trans-Caspian Pipeline.^[12]

Negotiations related to the demarcation of the Caspian Sea have been going on for nearly a decade now among the littoral states bordering the Caspian - Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran.The status of the Caspian Seais the key problem.There are three major issues regulated by the Caspian Sea status: access to mineral resources (oil and natural gas), access for fishing and access to international waters (through Russia's Volga river and the canals connecting it to the Black Sea and Baltic Sea). Access to the Volga-river is particularly important for the landlocked states of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. This issue is of course sensitive to Russia, because this potential traffic will move through its territory (albeit onto the inland waterways). If a body of water is labeled as Sea then there would be some precedents and international treaties obliging the granting of access permits to foreign vessels. If a body of water is labeled merely as lake then there are no such obligations. Environmental issues are also somewhat connected to the status and borders issue. It should be mentioned that Russia got the bulk of the former Soviet Caspian military fleet (and also currently has the most powerful military presence in the Caspian Sea). Some assets were assigned to Azerbaijan. Kazakhstan and especially Turkmenistan got a very small share (because they lack major port cities).

• According to a treaty signed between Persia (Iran) and Russia, the Caspian Sea is technically a lake and it is to be divided into two sectors (Persian and Russian), but the resources (then mainly fish) would be commonly shared. The line between the two sectors was to be seen as an international border in a common lake (like Lake Albert). Also the Russian sector was sub-divided into administrative sectors of the four littoral republics.
• After the dissolution of the Soviet Union not all of the newly independent states assumed continuation of the old treaty. At first Russia and Iran announced that they would continue to adhere to the old treaty (but they don't have a common border any more, so this is practically impossible).
• Even though from a logical point of view this should not be Iran's problem (since it is the old Soviet Union that has lost territories such as Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, Iran has been playing a fair game by calling for an equal division of the Caspian Sea among the five countries: Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Russia. Since this has been ignored and largely suppressed by Russia’s military intimidation against Iran, now Iran intends to only recognize its old treaty (between Iran and Russia) and will challenge Russia to divide its 50% share among the three littoral states - Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan - at the International Tribune.

Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan announced that they do not consider themselves parties to this treaty.

• Later followed some proposals for common agreement between all littoral states about the status of the sea.
  • Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan insisted that the sectors should be based on the median line, thus giving each state a share proportional to its Caspian coastline length. Also the sectors would form part of the sovereign territory of the particular state (thus making them international borders and also allowing each state to deal with all resources within its sector as it wishes unilaterally).
  • Iran insisted that the sectors should be such that each state gets a 1/5th share of the whole Caspian Sea. This was advantageous to Iran, because it has a proportionally smaller coastline.
  • Russia proposed a somewhat compromising solution: the seabed (and thus mineral resources) to be divided along sectoral lines (along the two above-described variants), the surface (and thus fishing rights) to be shared between all states (with the following variations: the whole surface to be commonly shared; each state to receive an exclusive zone and one single common zone in the center to be shared. The second variant is deemed not practical, because of the small size of the whole sea).

• Current situation

Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have agreed to a solution about their sectors. There are no problems between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, but the latter is not actively participating, so there is no agreement either. Azerbaijan is at odds with Iran over some oil fields that the both states claim. There have been occasions where Iranian patrol boats have opened fire at vessels sent by Azerbaijan for exploration into the disputed region. There are similar tensions between Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan (the latter claims that the former has pumped more oil than agreed from a field, recognized by both parties as shared). Less acute are the issues between Turkmenistan and Iran. Regardless, the southern part of the sea remains disputed.

• • Russia and Kazakhstan signed a treaty, according to which, they divide the northern part of the Caspian Sea between them into two sectors along the median line. Each sector is an exclusive zone of its state. Thus all resources, seabed and surface are exclusive to the particular state.
  • Russia and Azerbaijan signed a similar treaty about their common border.
  • Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan signed a similar treaty about their common border.
  • Iran doesn't recognize the bilateral agreements between the other littoral states, but this has limited practical implications, because it doesn't have common borders with Russia and Kazakhstan. Also Iran continues to insist on a single multilateral agreement between all five littoral states (as the only way to achieve 1/5-th share).
  • The position of Turkmenistan is unclear.

After Russia adopted the median line sectoral division and the three treaties already signed between some littoral states this is looking like the realistic method for regulating the Caspian borders. The Russian sector is fully defined. The Kazakhstan sector is not fully defined, but is not disputed either. Azerbaijan's, Turkmenistan's and Iran's sectors are not fully defined. It is not clear if the issue of Volga-access to vessels from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan is covered by their agreements with Russia and also what the conditions are for Volga-access for vessels from Turkmenistan and Iran.

The Caspian littoral States meeting in 2007 signed an agreement that stops any ship not flying the national flag of a littoral state on Caspian waters.^[13]

In July 2007, in order to boost his oil-rich country's access to markets, Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbaev proposed a 700km link between the Caspian and Black seas. It is hoped that the "Eurasia Canal" would transform the landlocked Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries into maritime states, enabling them to significantly increase trade volume. While the canal would traverse Russian territory, it would benefit Kazakhstan through its Caspian Sea ports. ^[14]

The Caspian has characteristics common to both seas and lakes. It is often listed as the world's largest lake, though it is not a freshwater lake.

The Volga River (about 80% of the inflow) and the Ural River discharge into the Caspian Sea, but it is endorheic, i.e. there is no natural outflow (other than by evaporation). Thus the Caspian ecosystem is a closed basin, with its own sea level history that is independent of the eustatic level of the world's oceans. The Caspian became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago. The level of the Caspian has fallen and risen, often rapidly, many times over the centuries. Some Russian historians claim that a medieval rising of the Caspian caused the coastal towns of Khazaria, such as Atil, to flood. In 2004, the water level was -28 metres, or 28 metres (92 feet) below sea level.

Over the centuries, Caspian Sea levels have changed in synchronicity with the estimated discharge of the Volga, which in turn depends on rainfall levels in its vast catchment basin. Precipitation is related to variations in the amount of North Atlantic depressions that reach the interior, and they in turn are affected by cycles of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Thus levels in the Caspian sea relate to atmospheric conditions in the North Atlantic thousands of miles to the north and west. These factors make the Caspian Sea a valuable place to study the causes and effects of global climate change.

The last short-term sea-level cycle started with a sea-level fall of 3 m from 1929 to 1977, followed by a rise of 3 m from 1977 until 1995. Since then smaller oscillations have taken place[5].

Several scheduled ferry services operate on the Caspian Sea, including:

• a line between Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan (formerly Krasnovodsk) and Baku, and
• a line between Baku and Aktau.

The northern portion of the Caspian Sea freezes in the winter, and in the coldest winters, ice will form in the south.

• Ekranoplan, the "Caspian Sea Monster"
• Tengiz Field
• Shah Deniz gas field
• Baku Oil Fields
• Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline
• Trans-Caspian Oil Pipeline
• Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline

1. ^ van der Leeden, Troise, and Todd, eds., The Water Encyclopedia. Second Edition. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, 1990. page 196.
2. ^ Caspian Sea » General background. CaspianEnvironment.org. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
3. ^ ESA: Observing the Earth - Earth from Space: The southern Caspian Sea. ESA.int. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
4. ^ Lake Profile: Caspian Sea. LakeNet.
5. ^ Large Lakes of the World. Factmonster.com.
6. ^ Caspian Sea. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 13, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110540
7. ^ Strabo. Geography. 11.3.1
8. ^ ^{a b} The Development of the Oil and Gas Industry in Azerbaijan SOCAR
9. ^ Back to the Future: Britain, Baku Oil and the Cycle of History SOCAR
10. ^ The Great Gas Game Christian Science Monitor (October 25, 2001)
11. ^ Russia Tries to Scuttle Proposed Trans-Caspian Pipeline Eurasianet
12. ^ Russia Seeking To Keep Kazakhstan Happy Eurasianet
13. ^ http://www.brtsis.com/rrubbbb.htm
14. ^ [1]

• Caspian Sea Biodiversity Project

• Information on history and names of the Caspian Sea
• Caspian Sea Region
• Caspian Environment Programme
  • Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea (2003)
• Target: Caspian Sea Oil John Robb, 2004
• Dating Caspian sea level changes