Charge density

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1 Definition
2 Classical charge density
3 Quantum charge density
4 Application
5 See also
6 References

The linear, surface, or volume charge density is the amount of electric charge in a line, surface, or volume, respectively. It is measured in coulombs per metre (C/m), square metre (C/m²), or cubic metre (C/m³), respectively. Since there are positive as well as negative charges, the charge density can take on negative values. Like any density it can depend on position. It should not be confused with the charge carrier density.

As related to chemistry, it can refer to the charge distribution over the volume of a particle, molecule, or atom. Therefore, a lithium cation will carry a higher charge density than a sodium cation due to its smaller ionic radius.

The integral of the charge density $\alpha_q(\mathbf r)$ , $\sigma_q(\mathbf r)$ , $\rho_q(\mathbf r)$ over a line $l$ , surface $S$ , or volume $V$ , is equal to the total charge $Q$ of that region, defined to be: ^[1]

$Q=\int\limits_L \alpha_q(\mathbf r) dl$ ,

$Q=\int\limits_S \sigma_q(\mathbf r) dS$ ,

$Q=\int\limits_V \rho_q(\mathbf r) \,\mathrm{d}V.$

This relation defines the charge density mathematically. Note that the symbols used to denote the various dimensions of charge density vary between fields of studies. Other commonly used notations are $λ$ , $σ$ , $ρ$ ; or $ρ l$ , $ρ s$ , $ρ v$ for (C/m), (C/m²), (C/m³) and respectively.

For the special case of a homogeneous charge density, that is one that is independent of position, equal to $ρ q,0$ the equation simplifies to:

$Q=V\cdot \rho_{q,0}$

The proof of this is simple. Start with the definition of the charge of any volume:

$Q=\int\limits_V \rho_q(\mathbf r) \,\mathrm{d}V$

Then, by definition of homogeneity, $\rho_q(\mathbf r)$ is a constant that we will denote $ρ q,0$ to differentiate between the constant and non-constant forms, and thus by the properties of an integral can be pulled outside of the integral resulting in:

$Q=\rho_{q,0} \int\limits_V \,\mathrm{d}V$

Again, by the properties of integrals:

$\int\limits_V \,\mathrm{d}V$ =

V

Therefore by substitution:

$\rho_{q,0} \int\limits_V \,\mathrm{d}V$ = $V\cdot \rho_{q,0}$

Which leads to:

$Q=V\cdot \rho_{q,0}$

Which is precisely the result mentioned above for volume charge density. The equivalent proofs for linear charge density and surface charge density follow the same arguments as above.

If the charge in a region consists of $N$ discrete point-like charge carriers like electrons the charge density can be expressed via the Dirac delta function, for example, the volume charge density is:

$\rho_q(\mathbf r) =\sum_{i=1}^N q_i\cdot \delta(\mathbf r - \mathbf r_i).$

Here, $q i$ is the charge and $\mathbf r_i$ the position of the $i$ th charge carrier. If all charge carriers have the same charge $q$ (for electrons $q = - e$ ) the charge density can be expressed through the charge carrier density $n(\mathbf r)$ :