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Charles Thomas Jackson (21 June 1805 - 28 August 1880) was an American physician and scientist who was active in medicine, chemistry, mineralogy, and geology.

Born at Plymouth, Massachusetts of a prominent New England family, he was a brother-in-law of Ralph Waldo Emerson and a graduate of the Harvard Medical School in 1829, where he won the Boylston prize for his dissertation. While at Harvard he made a geological exploration of Nova Scotia with his friend Francis Alger of Boston, which helped to increasingly turn his interests toward geology. In 1829 he traveled to Europe where he studied both medicine and geology for several years and made the acquaintance of prominent European scientists and physicians.

Upon returning to the United States he played an active role in the new state geological survey movement, serving successively between 1836 and 1844 as the state geologist of Maine, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. In 1844-45 he was an on-site mining consultant to the Lake Superior Copper Company, one of the first companies to attempt mining the native copper deposits of Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula on Lake Superior.

In 1847 Jackson was appointed United States Geologist for the Lake Superior land district, which was about to become one of the major copper-producing regions of the world. His leadership of that survey proved to be a disaster, and he was dismissed from his position and the completion of the survey was turned over to his assistants John Wells Foster and Josiah Dwight Whitney.

Jackson is particularly remembered for his involvement in a series of often bitter priority conflicts that left their marks on the scientific and social scenes of his day. They followed a standard pattern: a discovery would be announced by someone, Jackson would then claim prior discovery, and a controversy would ensue. Among them were conflicts over the discovery of guncotton (Christian Friedrich Schönbein), the telegraph (Samuel F. B. Morse), the digestive action of the stomach (William Beaumont), and the anesthetic effects of ether (William T. G. Morton).

Jackson also made a similar priority claim (in 1849) for the discovery that the unusual native copper deposits of Lake Superior, contrary to all previous geological expectations, could be successfully mined, although at that time it was universally acknowledged that credit for that discovery belonged to the recently deceased Douglass Houghton, Michigan's first state geologist. In this case, however, the historical evidence does indicate that Jackson's claim for himself was valid, and that his mineralogical insights were significantly in advance of those of his contemporaries, including Houghton.

By 1873 Jackson was afflicted with mental illness and spent the remainder of his life in retirement. He died in the McLean Asylum in Somerville, Massachusetts.

• "Charles Thomas Jackson." Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.
• "Charles Thomas Jackson." Webster's American Biographies. G. & C. Merriam 1975.