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Chemnitz

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Chemnitz
Coat of arms	Location

Administration
Country	Germany
State	Saxony
Admin. region	Chemnitz
District	Urban district
Mayor	Barbara Ludwig (SPD)
Basic statistics
Area	220.85 km² (85.3 sq mi)
Elevation	296 m (971 ft)
Population	246,110 (01/05/2006)
- Density	1,114 /km² (2,886 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate	C
Postal codes	09001-09247
Area code	0371
Website	chemnitz.de Coordinates: 50°50′″N 12°55′″E / Expression error: Unexpected / operator, Expression error: Unexpected / operator

Chemnitz (1953–1990: Karl-Marx-Stadt, Czech: Saská Kamenice, Polish: Kamienica Saska) is a city in Eastern Germany. With a population of approximately 245,000 in its city limits, Chemnitz is the third largest city of the Free State of Saxony. Located in western Saxony in the northern foothills of the Ore Mountains, it is a part of the Saxon triangle metropolitan area comprising 3.5 million people.

First documented in 1143, Chemnitz evolved into one of the most important industrial cities of Germany in 19th and the beginning 20th century. In 1953, the city was renamed Karl-Marx-Stadt after the philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary Karl Marx. After the reunification of Germany in 1990, the city regained its original name and has the status as independent city, which is not part of any county and seat of the government region Regierungsbezirk Chemnitz.

Chemnitz is one of the most important East German cities in economy, culture and science. The city's economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry. The Chemnitz University of Technology with about 10,000 students is the centre of scientific life.

1 Etymology
2 History
3 Sights
4 Urban renewal
5 Economy
6 Transport
7 Sports
8 Sister cities
9 References
10 External links

Chemnitz is named after the Chemnitz River, a small tributary of the Zwickauer Mulde. The word "Chemnitz" is from the Sorbian language and means "stony brook". In German, "Chemnitz" is pronounced [ˈkʰɛmnɪʦ]. It is known in Czech as Saská Kamenice. From 1953-1990 the city was officially known in East Germany as Karl-Marx-Stadt.

Monumental Bust of Karl Marx

An early Slavic tribe's settlement was located at the place of Chemnitz called Kamienica. In 1143 there was a Benedictine monastery at the place where the city is now. A settlement grew around the monastery and about 1170 Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor granted it the rights of an imperial city. In 1307 the town became subordinate to the margraviate of Meissen (which was the predecessor of the Saxon state). In medieval times Chemnitz became a centre of textile production and trade. More than one third of the population worked in textile production. This continued through the industrial revolution: factories were established, and by the early 19th century Chemnitz had become an industrial centre (sometimes called "the Saxon Manchester"). In 1913 Chemnitz had a population of 320,000 and is one of very few cities which were larger at that time than they are today.

During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was located here. Its 500 female inmates provided slave labour for Astra-Werke AG.^[1] During the war the factories of Chemnitz produced mainly goods for the military. As a consequence, the city was heavily bombed and almost entirely destroyed.

Old and new city hall

In 1953 Chemnitz was renamed Karl-Marx-Stadt ("Karl Marx City"). To address the problem of extensively destroyed city buildings (factories, dwellings, offices) the East German government adopted major rebuilding projects typical of those adopted in numerous parts of post war europe. Similar to Stalinstadt (later Eisenhüttenstadt), and large sections of Berlin, Dresden and other major GDR cities, Chemnitz experienced so-called socialist model city reconstruction. Extensive bombed out sections of the existing urban portions of Karl-Marx-Stadt (as it by then was) as well as extensive agricultural or unused land became the locus of large low rise (and later high-rise plattenbau) buildings to provide cheap affordable quality (in relative terms to the bombed out shells of former dwellings) housing for the rapidly expanding post-war population, similar to the concrete jungle projects in the West. Then, as now, there was little incentive or funding to undertake pre-war building restoration such as the (successful) Frauenkirche in Dresden or the (still debated) Stadtschloss in Berlin. Karl-Marx-Stadt returned to the original name of Chemnitz on 21 June 1990.

Chemnitz has been reported as having the lowest birth rate in the world as of 2006.^[2]

Culture department store DAStietz

The Mercure Hotel, Chemnitz

Due to the Stalinist planning era of the 1950s there are few tourist sights. Some sites had been restored in the DDR era, and some have been restored since German reunification. As a relic of the old socialist times, the city council decided to keep the Karl Marx Monument, which was built by Lev Kerbel and is lovingly called "Nischl" by locals, which is an informal regional Saxon word for "head" (which would be "Kopf" in standard German).

Chemnitz was heavily bombed during the Second World War. After the war, almost all of the old buildings in the city's core were removed to make space for new, modern buildings. Typical of Communist architecture, these were mostly utilitarian and not designed primarily to be pleasing to the eye.

However, Chemnitz still has some beautiful, historical sights. Landmarks include the Old Town Hall with its Renaissance portal (15th century), the castle on the land of the former monastery, and the area around the opera building and the old university. The most conspicuous sight is the red tower, which was built in the late 12th or early 13th century as part of the city wall.

A petrified forest can be found in the courtyard of Kulturkaufhaus Tietz. It is one of the very few in existence, and dates back several million years. Also within the city limits, in the district of Rabenstein, is the smallest castle in Saxony: Burg Rabenstein.

There are many buildings in the typical architectural styles of the Communist period. In the neighbourhood of Kassberg there are many buildings from the 18th and 19th centuries, with many villas, giving home to lawyers, doctors and also some alternative scene.

The town has changed considerably since German reunification. Most of its industry is gone and the core of the city has been rebuilt, with many little shops as well as huge shopping centres. There are a lot of well known labels in the city, including Zara, H & M, Esprit, Galeria Kaufhof, Leiser Shoes, Peek & Cloppenburg and so on. The large shopping centre "Roter Turm" (Red Tower) is very popular with young people.

The Chemnitz Industrial Museum is an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage.

Newly opened (on December 1st, 2007) is the "Museum Gunzenhauser", formerly a bank, which was restored into a museum in recent months. Mr. Gunzenhauser, living in Munich, had a collection of some 2,500 pieces of modern art, including many paintings and drawings from Otto Dix, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff and others. He donated his whole collection, because the City of Chemnitz was willing to dedicate a whole building only for his collection.

Chemnitz has what can be called "Germany's most modern city centre"^{[citation needed]}. Heavy destruction in World War II as well as post-war demolition to erect a truly socialistic city centre left the city with a vast open space around its town hall where once a vibrant city heart had been. Due to massive investment in out-of-town shopping right after reunification, it was not until 1999 that major building activity was started in the centre. Comparable only to Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, a whole new quarter of the city was constructed in recent years. New buildings include the Kaufhof Department Store by Helmut Jahn, Galerie Roter Turm with a facade by Hans Kollhoff and Peek&Cloppenburg Clothing Store by Ingenhofen and Partner.

Chemnitz is largest city of the Chemnitz-Zwickau urban area being one of the most important economic regions of East Germany. Chemnitz had an GDP of about €6.3 billion in 2004. Since about 2000, the city's economy has generated record very high annual GDP growth rates thus Chemnitz is among the ten German cities with the highest growth rates. The local and regional economic structure is characterized by medium-sized companies with the heavy industry's sectors of mechanical engineering, metal processing and vehicle manufacturing as most significant economic basis.

Since several years the unemployment rate steadily decreased to 13.9% (Jul/2007). The number of employees amounts about 100.000, the city has about 46.000 commuters from other municipalities. 16.3 percent of employees in Chemnitz have a degree of a university or a college of higher education, a value exceeding the average for Germany by more than 100 percent.

Chemnitz is crossed by the two motorways (Autobahn) A4 Erfurt – Dresden and A72 Hof – Leipzig. The motorway junction Kreuz Chemnitz is situated in the northwestern area of the city. The motorway A72 between Niederfrohna and Leipzig is still under construction. Within the administrative area of Chemnitz there are eight motorway exits (Ausfahrt).

Map of tram and Stadtbahn net

Public transport within Chemnitz is provided by the Straßenbahn (28.73 km [17.85 mi] net length) and Bus (326.08 km [203.32 mi] net length) —operated by the CVAG — and by the Stadtbahn (16.3 km [10.16 mi]). Nowadays, one Stadtbahn, five tram and 27 city bus, several regional bus lines, among them two express bus lines, run within Chemnitz and neighbouring municipalities. In the weekend and before bank holidays two bus lines, two tram lines and one Stadtbahn line run at night after midnight.

Since March 30, 2008 Chemnitz has a new structured tram and bus net. It is expected that the new net will consist of one Stadtbahn line, four tram lines, 23 bus lines and several further regional und express bus lines all the day. Between midnight and morning hours, eight night bus lines will serve the public transport in Chemnitz.

Near Chemnitz there are three airports among them the two international aiports of Saxony in Dresden and Leipzig. Both Leipzig Airport and Dresden Airport are situated about 70 km [43.5 mi] from Chemnitz and offer continental as well as intercontinental lines. The Altenburg-Nobitz Airport near Leipzig offers lines to London and Barcelona.