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The term child actor is generally applied to a child acting in motion pictures or television, but also to an adult who began his or her acting career as a child; to avoid confusion the latter is also called a former child actor. Closely associated is teenage actor, an actor who reached popularity as a teenager.

In some countries child actors in the performing arts (television, film or stage) are prohibited from doing certain things.^{[citation needed]} In these countries, a child actor may not:

1. risk his or her physical well being (no dangerous stunts)
2. be exposed to morally compromising situations
3. be nude or partially nude
4. engage in overt sexual acts
5. to be victims of any kind

Compulsory education laws mandate that the education of child actor not be disrupted while the child is working. Whether a child actor is enrolled in public school, private school, or home school, the child does schoolwork under the supervision of a set teacher while on the set.

Finally, the hours a child actor may work are limited. Generally, stricter time limits are imposed for younger actors. A very young infant might be allowed "under the lights" only a few minutes a day. It is common in television production for the role of a young child to be portrayed by identical twins to reduce each child's time on set. When a child turns 18, the legal limits on work time are lifted.

Contents 1 Regulation of child actors 2 Issues involving child actors 2.1 Ownership of earnings 2.2 Competitive pressure 2.3 Troubled adulthood? 3 Listings of child actors and singers 4 References 5 External links

The activities of child actors are regulated by the governing labor union, if any, and state and federal laws. Being a minor, a child actor must secure a work permit before accepting any paid performing work.

Limitations imposed by laws are not uniform across the states or beyond national boundaries. Longer work hours or risky stunts, prohibited in California, for example, might be permitted to a project filming in British Columbia. Some projects film in remote locations specifically to evade regulations intended to protect the child.

Using children in motion pictures has been criticized as exploitation, particularly since some prominent child actors never got to see the money they earned. Jackie Coogan became a millionaire while still a child but almost all of his money was used by his parents.

Some have defended this saying that the child directly benefited from the lifestyle the earnings made possible or that the child would not have achieved stardom without a significant investment of time and effort by the parents. Others argue that it is unfair for the child to have to support the family when the parents are capable, as this tends to invert the parent child relationship.

In 1939, California weighed in on this controversy by enacting the original Coogan Law, amended at various times since, which requires a portion of the earnings of a child actor to be preserved in a special savings account called a blocked trust.

Some people also criticize the parents of child actors for allowing their children to work, believing that more “normal” activities should be the staple during the childhood years. Others observe that competition is present in all areas of a child’s life—from sports to student newspaper to orchestra and band—and believe that the work ethic instilled, or the talent developed accrues to the child’s benefit.

The child actor may experience unique and negative pressures when working under tight production schedules. Large projects which depend for their success on the ability of the child to deliver an effective performance add to the pressure.

However, some studios have taken measures to protect child actors from exposure to inappropriate behavior. For example, The Guardian reported that "Child stars will be protected from nudity, swearing, smoking and drinking under a groundbreaking new policy that places the welfare, safety and education of performing children at the forefront of Disney's productions" (September 24, 2004).

Many child actors have had successful careers into adulthood including Hilary Duff, Christina Ricci, Drew Barrymore, Ron Howard, Kim Fields, Roddy McDowall, Tommy Rettig, Scott Baio, Tisha Campbell, Shelley Fabares, Mildred Harris, Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright, Elijah Wood, Leonardo DiCaprio, Alyssa Milano, Tichina Arnold, Jodie Foster, Kurt Russell, Van Dyke Parks, Anna Paquin, Dean Stockwell, Mickey Rooney, Melissa Gilbert, Mickey Dolenz, Jerry Mathers, Tony Dow, John Cusack, Keith Coogan, Elinor Donahue, Danny Bonaduce, Matt Dillon, Christian Bale, Raven Symone, Susan Olsen, Dickie Moore,Maureen McCormick, Tempestt Bledsoe, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Jenny Lewis, Sarah Jessica Parker, Neil Patrick Harris, Sean Astin, Kirsten Dunst,Robert Blake, Emmanuel Lewis, Gary Coleman, Dick Van Patten and Jackie Coogan. Others transition to non-acting careers. Peter Ostrum, for example, is now a successful large-animal veterinarian after a starring role in Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. Most notably, Shirley Temple became a successful public figure and diplomat, eventually becoming U.S. Ambassador to Ghana and then United States Department of State Chief of Protocol under the Nixon Administration, Brandon Cruz is a successful punk rocker, after a co-starring role in The Courtship of Eddie's Father, and Kirk Cameron is a successful minister, after a co-starring role in Growing Pains.

Tragic and well publicized examples certainly exist where a child actor falls into self-destructive behavior. However, it has not been demonstrated that this hazard occurs more frequently in child actors than in the general population. One study by Lisa Rapport, Ph.D. concluded that "the present findings also indicate that the environment of the entertainment industry is not necessarily toxic to normal development. Instead, the results support the well-established theory that good parenting serves as a buffer for life stress."^[1]

• List of child actors
• List of former child actors
• Child singer

1. ^ Lisa Rapport, Ph.D. The Relationships Between Professional Experience, Parenting History, and Adult Adjustment, Wayne State University

• A Minor Consideration - a non-profit organization created by former child actor Paul Peterson, in order to support and educate young performers and their families
• BizParentz - a non-profit organization founded by Anne Henry and Paula Dorn, parents of child actors, exists to educate and encourage actors and their families.
• The Young Hollywood Hall of Fame - a website honoring hundreds of child actors