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Canadians of Chinese descent
Total population
1,094,700 3.5% of the Canadian population
Regions with significant populations
British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec, Ontario
Language(s)
Canadian English, French, Cantonese, Mandarin, Taishanese, Northeastern Mandarin, Indonesian
Religion(s)
Christianity, Buddhism, and others
Related ethnic groups
Chinese Indonesian, Chinese people, Asians, Chinese Australian, Chinese American, Overseas Chinese

Chinese Canadians are Canadians of Chinese descent and constitute the largest visible minority group in Canada, comprising 3.5% of the population in 2001.^[1] In 2001, there were 1,094,700 Chinese Canadians, 100,000 having mixed ancestry.

Contents 1 History 2 Demography 2.1 Language 3 Immigration 3.1 Education and employment 4 Canadian-born 5 Notable Chinese Canadians 6 Media 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 Library Resources 11 Historical links

Main article: History of Chinese immigration to Canada

The first record of Chinese in what is known as Canada today can be dated back to 1788. The renegade British Captain James Meares hired a group of roughly 70 Chinese carpenters from Macao and settled them on Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, then an increasingly important European outpost on the Pacific coast. However, there is no surviving documentation or information related to the whereabouts of these early immigrants to Canada or their possible descendants.

The next more substantial wave of Chinese immigrants into British North America began in 1858. Most of these Chinese were "sojourners" in a sense, in that most of them planned on returning to their homeland after working in British North America for a period of time. Many came to British Columbia as common labourers and most were paid only in vouchers so they were captives of the firm that imported them. Gold rushes at the BC interior also attracted a significant number of immigrants. Toby Shao was a well known immigrant of China although it is unclear if he was born in Canada or Cuba.

Many workers from Fujian and Guangdong Province arrived to help build the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 19th century as did Chinese veterans of the gold rushes. These workers accepted the discriminatory disadvantages of working long hours, lower wages than non-Chinese workers and dangerous working conditions such as explosions for the mountain passes, in order to support their families that stayed in China. Their willingness to endure hardship for low wages enraged fellow non-Chinese workers who thought they were unnecessarily complicating the labour market situations. From the passage of the Chinese Immigration Act in 1885, the Canadian government began to charge a substantial Head Tax for each Chinese person trying to immigrate to Canada. The Chinese were the only ethnic group that had to pay such a tax.

In 1923, the federal Liberal government of William Lyon Mackenzie King banned Chinese immigration completely with the passage of the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923. With this act, the Chinese became the only people that Canada specifically excluded on the basis of race. During the next 25 years more and more laws against the Chinese were passed. Most jobs were closed to Chinese men and women, so many Chinese opened their own restaurant and laundry businesses. In British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Ontario, Chinese employers were not allowed to hire white females, so most Chinese businesses became Chinese-only.

Some of those Chinese Canadian workers settled in Canada after the railway was constructed. Most could not bring the rest of their families, including immediate relatives, due to government restrictions and enormous processing fees. Their contacts with non-Chinese were restricted as well, officially and unofficially. They established Chinatowns and societies in undesirable sections of the cities.

During the Great Depression, life was even tougher for the Chinese than it was for other Canadians. In Alberta, for example, Chinese-Canadians received relief payments of less than half the amount paid to other Canadians. And because The Chinese Exclusion Act prohibited any additional immigration from China, the Chinese men who had arrived earlier had to face these hardships alone, without the companionship of their wives and children.

Census data from 1931 shows that there were 1240 men to every 100 women in Chinese-Canadian communities. To protest The Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese-Canadians closed their businesses and boycotted Dominion Day celebrations every July 1st, which became known as “Humiliation Day” by the Chinese-Canadians.

Canada was slow to lift the restrictions against the Chinese-Canadians and grant them full rights as Canadian citizens. Because Canada signed the United Nations' Charter of Human Rights at the conclusion of the Second World War, the Canadian government had to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Act, which contravened the UN Charter. The same year, 1947, Chinese-Canadians were finally granted the right to vote in federal elections. But it took another 20 years, until the points system was adopted for selecting immigrants, that the Chinese began to be admitted under the same criteria as any other applicants.

After many years of organized calls for an official Canadian government public apology and redress to the historic Head tax, the minority Conservative government of Stephen Harper announced as part of their pre-election campaign, an official apology. On June 22, 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivered a message of redress in the House of Commons, calling it a "grave injustice".

Some educated Chinese arrived in Canada during the war as refugees. Since the mid-20th century, most new Chinese Canadians come from university-educated families, one of whose most essential values is still quality education. These newcomers are a major part of the "Brain gain" the inverse of the infamous "Brain drain", i.e., Canadians leaving to the United States of America, which Chinese have also been a part of.

Chinese Indonesians and Chinese Malaysians first arrived in Canada in 1960s during anti-Chinese riots in their respective home countries. From 1970s – 1999, many more Indonesians and Malaysians of Chinese origin settled Canada. Many Chinese from Vietnam, Laos and Kampuchea came to Canada as refugees in the aftermath of the Vietnam War.

Many Chinese from Latin America also came in large numbers, especially those from Nicaragua who fled from the dictatorial Somoza rule and following the earthquake in the 1980s. Chinese-Peruvians fled Peru for political reasons. They mostly settled in Canada's large cities.

There was a significant influx of wealthy Chinese from Hong Kong in the early and mid-1990s before the handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China (PRC). Canada was a preferred location, in part because investment visas were significantly easier to obtain than visas to the United States. Vancouver, Richmond and Calgary were the major destinations of these Chinese. During those years, immigrants from Hong Kong alone made up to 46% of all Chinese immigrants to Canada.^{[citation needed]}

In the 21st century, Chinese immigration from Hong Kong has dropped sharply and the largest source of Chinese immigration is from the PRC.^[2] A smaller number have arrived from Taiwan and very small numbers from Fiji, French Polynesia, and New Zealand.

See also: Demographics of Canada

In 2001, 25% of Chinese in Canada were Canadian-born.^[1]

In 2001, 85% of Chinese reported having a conversational knowledge of at least one official language, while 15% reported that they could speak neither English nor French. Of those who could not speak an official language, 50% immigrated to Canada in the 1990s, while 22% immigrated in the 1980s. These immigrants tended to be in the older age groups. Of prime working-age Chinese immigrants, 89% reported knowing at least one official language.^[1]

In 2001, Chinese was the third-most common reported mother tongue, after English and French. 3% of the population, or 872,000 people, reported the Chinese language as their mother tongue — the language that they learned as a child and still understand. The most common Chinese mother tongue is Cantonese. Of these people, 44% were born in Hong Kong, 27% were born in the Chinese Guangdong province, and 18% were Canadian-born. The second-most common reported Chinese mother tongue was Mandarin. Of these people, 85% were born in either the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China, 7% were Canadian-born, and 2% were born in Malaysia. There is some evidence that fewer young Chinese-Canadians are speaking their parents' and grandparents' first language.

However, only about 790,500 people reported speaking a Chinese language at home on a regular basis, 81,900 fewer than those who reported having a Chinese mother tongue. This suggests some language loss has occurred, mainly among the Canadian-born who learned Chinese as a child, but who may not speak it regularly or do not use it as their main language at home. Nontheless, as many as 89% of the Canadian-born Chinese are competent at not only speaking, but reading and writing the difficult Chinese characters. It was not unusal to see Canadian born Chinese able to even write Chinese fluently enough knowing as much as 4000字. This phenomena is as a result of high concentrations of Chinese Canadians residing in both Vancouver and Richmond area in British Columbia, where they are given the opportunity to keep up their language and culture.

As of 2001, almost 75% of the Chinese population in Canada lived in either Toronto or Vancouver. The Chinese population was 17% in Vancouver and 9% in Toronto.^[1] More than 50% of the Chinese immigrants who just arrived in 2000/2001 reported that their reason for settling in a given region was because their family and friends already lived there. About 25% reported that they settled in Vancouver because of job prospects, while many in Calgary said the reason was the climate.^[1]

In 2001, 31% of Chinese in Canada, both foreign-born and Canadian-born, had a university education, compared with the national average of 18%.^[1]

Of prime working-age Chinese in Canada, about 20% were in sales and services; 20% in business, finance, and administration; 16% in natural and applied sciences; 13% in management; and 11% in processing, manufacturing, and utilities.^[1]

Chinese who immigrated to Canada in the 1990s and were of prime working-age in 2001 had an employment rate of 61%, which was lower than the national average of 80%. Many reported that the recognition of foreign qualifications was a major issue. However, the employment rate for Canadian-born Chinese men of prime working-age was 86%, the same as the national average. The employment rate for Canadian-born Chinese women of prime working-age was 83%, which was higher than the national average of 76%.^[1]

Canadian-born Chinese or "Jook-sing" in Cantonese, is often called "CBCs", equivalent to "ABC" (American-born Chinese). The majority of Canadian-born Chinese during the 1970s and 1980s were descended from immigrants of Hong Kong and Southern China, and more recently from mainland Chinese immigrants.

See List of Chinese Canadians.

List of Chinese language media outlets in Canada:

• CHKG-FM
• CHMB (AM)
• CJVB (AM)
• Cathay International Television
• Chinavision Canada
• The Epoch Times
• Fairchild Group
• Fairchild TV
• CHKT (AM)
• Ming Pao Daily News (Toronto)
• Sing Tao Daily (Toronto)
• Talentvision
• Today Daily News (Toronto)
• World Journal (Toronto)

v • d • e Chinese Canadian
Topics	Chinese Canadian · History of Chinese immigration to Canada · Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 · Chinese head tax · Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 · List of Chinese Canadians · List of Canadian cities with large Chinese populations · Canadian Chinese cuisine · Chinese Canadian National Council
Chinatowns	Chinatowns in North America · Chinatown patterns in North America · Golden Village · Vancouver · Montreal · Calgary · Lethbridge · Victoria · Winnipeg · Toronto

• Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Ottawa
• Model minority

• Pon, Gordon. "Antiracism in the Cosmopolis: Race, Class, and Gender in the Lives of Elite Chinese Canadian Women", Social Justice, vol. 32 (4): pp. 161-179 (2005)
• Lindsay, Colin. The Chinese Community in Canada, Profiles of Ethnic Communities in Canada, 2001, Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division, Statistics Canada, Catalog #89-621-XIE (ISBN 0-662-43444-7)

• Chinese Canadian Genealogy at the Vancouver Public Library
• Historic Chinese Language Materials in British Columbia (加華文獻聚珍) — A database of over 11,000 records, in Chinese, from archives, museums, and libraries documenting major waves of Chinese settlements on Canada’s west coast. The documents include manuscripts, newspapers, correspondence, genealogical and family records, business records, records of associations, textbooks, photographs, catalogs, books, journals, etc., and links to organizations that hold Overseas Chinese historical materials. From the Asian Library and the Centre for Chinese Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. All fields in the catalog of the database are searchable in English, Pinyin, and Chinese characters.

• Chinese Canadian Historical Society of British Columbia
• History of Chinese in Canada
• History of the Chinese Head Tax & Exclusion Act
• National Film Board - Documentary "In The Shadow of Gold Mountain", detailing the history of abuse against Chinese Canadians
• CBC Digital Archives - A Tale of Perseverance: Chinese Immigration to Canada

People

• 100 influential Chinese Canadians in British Columbia (October 2006)
• Alphabetical List of Persons: A to L, Alphabetical List of Persons: L to S Alphabetical List of Persons, S to Z

v • d • e Canadians of Asian descent
East Asian origin	Canadians of Chinese descent · Canadians of Japanese ancestry · Canadians of Korean origin · Canadians of Taiwanese descent
West Asia origin	Canadians of Afghanistani descent · Canadians of Arab descent · Canadians of Armenian descent · Canadians of Assyrian descent · Canadians of Iranian descent  · Canadians of Iraqi descent  · Canadians of Lebanese descent  · Canadians of Syrian descent
South Asian origin	Canadians of Indian descent · Canadians of Pakistani origin · Canadians of Sri Lankan origin · Canadians of Tamil ethnicity
Southeast Asian origin	Canadians of Filipino descent · Canadians of Laotian descent · Canadians of Vietnamese descent

v • d • e Overseas Chinese
Africa	Mauritius · Mozambique · Seychelles · South Africa
Americas	Argentina · Brazil · Canada · Cuba · Jamaica · Nicaragua · Panama · Peru · Trinidad & Tobago · United States (Hawaii · Puerto Rico · American-born)
Asia	Brunei · Cambodia · India · Indonesia · Iran · Israel · Japan · Korea · Laos · Malaysia (Peranakan) · Mongolia · Myanmar (Panthay) · Philippines · Singapore · Taiwan · Thailand · Vietnam (Ngái · San Diu)
Europe	France (Réunion)  · Italy · Romania · Russia (Dungan) · Spain · United Kingdom
Oceania	Australia · Fiji · New Zealand · Samoa