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Chinese Sanqu poetry (Chinese: 散曲) or San-ch’ü poetry. Sanqu Dramatic Lyrics were a notable Chinese poetic genre from the Jin-Yuan (1115-1368) to the following Ming period. The Sanqu Dramatic Lyrics were directly related to the Zaju 雜劇 Dramatic Arias heard in period plays. Both were written to fixed musical modes and could contain several aria or lyric song segments in one suite. Sanqu Dramatic Lyrics however could be composed in single discreet sections. During the Jin-Yuan period China was under foreign domination. High government positions were reserved for non Chinese. It is often said that Sanqu Dramatic Lyrics reflect excess energies and resentments of contemporary disenfranchised Chinese literati. Both Sanqu Dramatic Lyrics and plays enjoyed the same social milieu; indeed, esteemed playwrights like Ma Zhiyuan 馬致遠 (c. 2170-1330) and Guan Hanqing 關漢卿 (c. 1300) were well-established writers of Sanqu Dramatic Lyrics. This poetry was of course composed in the vernacular or semi-vernacular. Textual problems abound and this has perhaps contributed to the paucity of translations of a truly significant Chinese literary genre that expanded the limits of literary expression. The collection and printing of this poetry is ongoing and only recently has a Ming period collection seen a modern edition.

Crump, James I, Songs From Xanadu, Ann Arbor, 1983.

Lynn, Richard John and Bailey Roger B. Guide to Chinese Poetry and Drama, G.K.Hall, 1973.

Nienhauser, William H. The Indiana Companion to Chinese Literature, Indiana University Press, 1986.

Carpenter, Bruce E. 'Chinese San-ch’ü Poetry of the Mongol Era: I', Tezukayama Daigaku kiyo (Journal of Tezukayama University), Nara, Japan, no. 22, pp. 27-72.

Carpenter, Bruce E. 'Chinese San-ch’ü Poetry of the Mongol Era: II', Tezukayama Daigaku kiyo (Journal of Tezukayama University), Nara, Japan, no. 23, pp. 31-76.