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Civil libertarianism is a strain of political thought that emphasizes the supremacy of individual rights and personal freedoms over and against any kind of authority (this may refer to the government, a corporation, social norms imposed through peer pressure, etc). Civil libertarianism is not a complete ideology; rather, it is merely a collection of views on the specific issues of civil liberties and civil rights. Because of this, a civil libertarian outlook is compatible with many other political philosophies, and civil libertarianism is found on both the right and left of modern politics.

The primary concern of the civil libertarian is the relationship of the government to the individual. The civil libertarian seeks, in theory, to restrict this relationship to an absolute minimum in which the state can function and provide basic services and securities without excessively interfering in the lives of its citizens. One key cause of civil libertarianism is upholding free speech. Specifically, civil libertarians oppose bans on pornography, hate speech, and obscenity. Although they may not personally condone behaviors associated with these issues, civil libertarians hold that the advantages of unfettered public discourse outweigh all disadvantages.

Other civil libertarian positions include support for at least partial legalization of illicit substances (marijuana, etc.), a strong demarcation between religion and politics, and, more recently and contentiously, gay marriage. The most prominent civil libertarian organization in the United States today is the American Civil Liberties Union.

In the past twenty years, with the advent of personal computers, the internet, email, cellular phones, and other information technology advances, a subset of civil libertarianism has arisen that focuses on protecting individuals’ digital rights and privacy. The organization most closely affiliated with this sort of civil libertarianism is the Electronic Frontier Foundation.

• Anarchism
• Minarchism
• Different uses of the word "libertarian"
• Libertarian socialism
• Libertarian capitalism
• Economic libertarianism