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Leonard Constant Lambert, (August 23, 1905 – August 21, 1951) was a British composer and conductor.

Educated at Christ's Hospital and the Royal College of Music, Lambert was a prodigy, writing orchestral works from the age of 13, and at 20 received a commission to write a ballet for Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes (Romeo and Juliet). For a few years he enjoyed a meteoric celebrity, culminating in the broadcast and concert performances of his Rio Grande for piano solo, chorus and orchestra. A recording survives with Hamilton Harty as the soloist and the Hallé Orchestra conducted by the composer.

During the 1930s his career as a conductor took off with his appointment with the Vic-Wells ballet (later the Royal Ballet), but his career as a composer stagnated, and after the disappointing reception of his major choral work Summers Last Will and Testament (after the play of the same name by Thomas Nashe), which proved unfashionable in the mood following the death of the King (George V) he considered he had failed as a composer, and completed only two major works in the remaining sixteen years of his life. Instead he concentrated on conducting, and appeared at Covent Garden and in BBC broadcasts, and accompanied the ballet in European and American tours.

The war took its toll of his vitality and creativity, and his health declined with the development of diabetes which remained untreated for years owing to his fear of doctors, stemming from childhood.

Lambert was famous in his day as a raconteur and, unusually for an Englishman, as an expert on many different arts, and on modern European culture. He was also one of the first "serious" composers to understand fully the importance of jazz and popular culture in the music of his time. This is illustrated by his book Music, Ho! (1931), subtitled "a study of music in decline", which remains one of the wittiest, if highly opinionated, volumes of music criticism in the English language. He was at the centre of a brilliant literary and intellectual circle including Michael Ayrton, Sacheverell Sitwell and Anthony Powell, and despite Powell's denial, he is clearly the prototype of the character Hugh Moreland in Powell's A Dance to the Music of Time.

As a conductor he had an instinctive appreciation of Liszt, Chabrier, Waldteufel and romantic Russian composers, and made fine recordings of some of their works. However, it was only when his health was declining that his career had a chance to flourish with the development of the BBC Third Programme and the Philharmonia Orchestra, having struggled for many years to extract vital performances from second-rate ensembles.

Lambert was the son of Russian-born Australian painter George Lambert and the father of Kit Lambert. He was married to Isabel Nichols, an artist, in 1947. He died on 21 August 1951, two days short of his forty-sixth birthday, of pneumonia and undiagnosed diabetes complicated by acute alcoholism, and was buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.

Ballets:

• Romeo and Juliet (1925)
• Pomona (1927)
• Horoscope (1938)
• Tiresias (1950)

Choral and vocal:

• Eight poems of Li Po (1928)
• The Rio Grande (1929)
• Summers Last Will and Testament (1936)
• Dirge from Cymbeline (1947)

Orchestral:

• Piano Concerto (1924) (ed. Shipley/Easterbrook)
• The Bird Actors Overture (1924)
• Music for Orchestra (1927)
• Aubade Heroique (1941)

Chamber

• Concerto for Piano and 9 Instruments (1931)

Instrumental

• Piano Sonata (1930)
• Elegy, for piano (1938)
• Trois pieces negres, pour les touches blanches, piano 2 hands (1949)

Film Music

• Merchant Seamen (1940)
• Anna Karenina (1948)