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Constantin Ion Parhon (October 15, 1874—August 9, 1969) was a Romanian neuropsychiatrist, endocrinologist and politician. He was the President of the Provisional Presidium of the People's Republic of Romania from its proclamation on December 30, 1947 to April 13, 1948, and President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly of the People's Republic of Romania (head of state) from April 13, 1948 to June 12, 1952. Parhon was President of the Medics' and Naturalists' Society in Iaşi, hospital director, professor, and director of medical institutes.

Born in Câmpulung to the schoolteacher Ioan Parhon and his wife Maria (née Bauer),^[1] he completed lyceum in Ploieşti and graduated from the University of Bucharest, where he also received his MD. He later received a Honorary Doctorate from Charles University in Prague (1948).

Parhon taught Neurology and Psychiatry at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Iaşi (1912-1933), and, from 1933, Endocrinology at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Bucharest. Parhon was the founder of the Romanian school of endocrinology. In 1909, he co-authored with Moise Goldstein the first book on endocrinology, Secreţiile Interne ("Internal Secretions"). Later on, he published a Handbook of Endocrinology, co-written with M. Goldstein and Ştefan-Marius Milcu (3 volumes, 1945-1949). Parhon published over 400 titles, and was known for his encyclopaedic knowledge. Besides the afore-mentioned works, some of his other well-known works are Old Age and Its Treatment (1948), The Age Biology (1955), and Selected Works (5 volumes, 1954-1962).

As a socialist militant who, according to his own testimony, was influenced by the works of Karl Marx in his teens,^[2] Parhon was one of the founders of a Laborer Party (Partidul Muncitor), a short-lived group that fused into the left-wing Peasants' Party in 1919.^[3] A short while after the fusion, Parhon split with the group and became politically inclined toward the Communist Party of Romania.

He allegedly protested against Romania's participation in World War II on the Axis side (see Romania during World War II), but, according to some sources, he was also a representative in Romania for the Reich-based Merck Darmstadt.^[4] In November 1944, after the August 23 Coup that brought peace between Romania and the Allies, he became President of the Romanian Association for Strengthening the Ties with the Soviet Union (which had been founded at his villa in Sinaia).^[5] He was a deputy in Parliament (known as the Assembly of Deputies) and the Great National Assembly between 1946 and 1961.

After the forced abdication of King Michael I on December 30, 1947, the Deputies' Assembly adopted Law No. 363, through which Romania became a People's Republic and the 1923 Constitution was repealed. The same law provided for a Presidium composed of five members (elected by the Deputies' Assembly) to exercise the executive powers in the state; alongside Parhon, its members were Mihail Sadoveanu, Ştefan Voitec, Gheorghe Stere, and Ion Niculi. Shortly afterwards, Parhon became the President of the Presidium, thus occupying the most important office in the state.

On April 13, 1948, the Parliament adopted a new Constitution, which borrowed heavily from the Soviet model of 1936^[6] and entrusted the supreme powers to the Great National Assembly - which in turn elected a Presidium, composed of a president, three vice-presidents, a secretary and 14 members. The same day, Parhon was elected as President of the Presidium, though the real power in the state was exercised by the Communist Party.

Parhon was a member and president of the Romanian Academy and other scientific societies. He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and received the State Prize. He liked to be referred to as a "citizen-scientist".

He resigned from his political office in June 1952, dedicating the rest of his life to scientific research. He is buried in the round hall of The Monument of the Heroes for the Freedom of the People and of the Motherland, for Socialism in Bucharest's Carol Park.

• Adrian Cioroianu, Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc ("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"), Editura Curtea Veche, Bucharest, 2005
• Vasile Niculae, Ion Ilincioiu, Stelian Neagoe, Doctrina ţărănistă în România. Antologie de texte ("Peasant doctrine in Romania. Collected Texts"), Editura Noua Alternativă, Social Theory Institute of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 1994