From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consumerism is the equating of personal happiness with the purchasing of material possessions and consumption. The term is often associated with criticisms of consumption starting with Karl Marx and Thorstein Veblen.

In economics, consumerism can also refer to economic policies that place an emphasis on consumption, and, in an abstract sense, the belief that the free choice of consumers should dictate the economic structure of a society (cf. Producerism, especially in the British sense of the term).

Contents 1 History 2 Usage 3 Criticism 4 Counter arguments 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 External links 8 Other

Although consumerism is commonly associated^{[attribution needed]} with the Western world, it is multi-cultural and non-geographical, as seen today in major cities throughout the world. Consumerism, as in people purchasing goods or consuming materials in excess of their basic needs, is as old as the first civilizations (see Ancient Egypt, Babylon and Ancient Rome, for example). Since consumerism began, various individuals and groups have consciously sought an alternative lifestyle through simple living.

While consumerism is not a new phenomenon, it has only become widespread over the 20th century and particularly in recent decades, under the influence of neoliberal capitalism, which has made the citizens of capitalist countries extraordinarily wealthy compared to other economic systems.

Webster's dictionary defines Consumerism as "the promotion of the consumer's interests" or alternately "the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable". It is thus the opposite of anti-consumerism or of producerism.

• Anti-consumerism is the criticism of consumption starting with Karl Marx and Thorstein Veblen. In this meaning, consumerism is the equating of personal happiness with the purchasing material possessions and consumption.

• In relation to producerism, it is the belief that the free choice of consumers should dictate the economic structure of a society, rather than the interests of producers. It can also refer to economic policies that place an emphasis on consumption.

Popular media use "Consumerist" as a short-form for "Consumer-Activist".

Main article: Anti-consumerism

In many critical contexts, consumerism is used to describe the tendency of people to identify strongly with products or services they consume, especially those with commercial brand names and obvious status-enhancing appeal, e.g. an expensive automobile, expensive jewelry. A culture that is permeated by consumerism can be referred to as a consumer culture. Impulse buyers are quite different from shopaholics, who cannot resist spending money.

Opponents of consumerism argue that many luxuries and unnecessary consumer products are social signals that allow people to identify like-minded individuals through consumption and display of similar products. Some believe that relationships with a product or brand name are substitutes for the healthy human relationships lacking in dysfunctional modern societies and along with consumerism itself are part of the general process of social control and cultural hegemony in modern society. Critics of consumerism, are also quick to point out that consumerist societies are more prone to damage the environment, contribute to climate change and use up resources at a higher rate than other societies. For example, in 2002, a person in the United States used 10 times more energy than a person in China and over 25 times more than someone in India. [[1]]

The older term and concept of "conspicuous consumption" originated at the turn of the 20th century in the writings of sociologist and economist Thorstein Veblen. The term describes an apparently irrational and confounding form of economic behaviour. Veblen's scathing proposal that this unnecessary consumption is a form of status display is made in darkly humorous observations like the following:

"It is true of dress in even a higher degree than of most other items of consumption, that people will undergo a very considerable degree of privation in the comforts or the necessaries of life in order to afford what is considered a decent amount of wasteful consumption; so that it is by no means an uncommon occurrence, in an inclement climate, for people to go ill clad in order to appear well dressed." (The Theory of the Leisure Class, 1899).

The term "conspicuous consumption" spread to describe consumerism in the United States in the 1960s, but was soon linked to larger debates about media theory, culture jamming, and its corollary productivism.

Consumerism is promoted by retailers. While there is not precisely an intellectual movement to promote consumerism, there has been, in recent years, strong criticism of the anti-consumerist movement. Most of this comes from libertarian thought. For example, Reason magazine, in 1999, attacked the anti-consumerism movement, claiming Marxist academics are repackaging themselves as anti-consumerists. James Twitchell, a professor at the University of Florida and popular writer, referred to anti-consumerism arguments as "Marxism Lite."

The libertarian attack on the anti-consumerist movement is largely based on the perception that it leads to elitism. Namely, libertarians believe that no person has the right to decide for others what goods are "necessary" for living and which aren't, or that luxuries are necessarily wasteful, and thus argue that anti-consumerism is a precursor to central planning or a totalitarian society. Twitchell, in his book Living It Up, sarcastically remarked that the logical outcome of the anti-consumerism movement would be a return to the sumptuary laws that existed in ancient Rome and during the Middle Ages.

Conversely, many anti-consumerists believe that a modern consumer society is created through extensive advertising and media influence, rather than arising from people's natural ideas regarding the kinds of things they need. In other words, anti-consumerists tend to believe that consumerism is an artificial creation sustained by artificial social pressures, while libertarians tend to believe that consumerism is natural and the only way to eliminate it is through the personal decision to not mindlessly consume. Anti-consumerists also point to the vast ecological destruction, negative health impact, and social inequities caused by rampant over-consumption, and the production systems necessary to support it.

• Bourgeois personality
• Commercialism
• Consumer capitalism
• Economic materialism
• Keeping up with the Joneses
• Philosophy of futility
• Post-materialism (economics)
• Producerism
• The Century of the Self (related documentary)

• Veblen, Thorstein (1899): The Theory of the Leisure Class: an economic study of institutions, Dover Publications, Mineola, N.Y., 1994, ISBN 0-486-28062-4. (also available: Project Gutenberg e-text)
• Nissanoff, Dan (2006). FutureShop: How the New Auction Culture Will Revolutionize the Way We Buy, Sell and Get the Things We Really Want. The Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-077-7.  (Hardcover, 246 pages)
• Jan Whitaker (2006): Service and Style: How the American Department Store Fashioned the Middle Class, St. Martin's Press, N.Y., ISBN 0-312-32635-1. (Hardcover, 352 pages)
• Adam Curtis, The Century of the Self, documentary series.

• The story of the stuff we consume, from extraction to disposal, by Annie Leonard. Entertaining, educational 20-minute video.
• Marketplace: Consumed with consumption interview with Benjamin Barber, author of Consumed
• "Consumerism in China" by British Photojournalist Sean Gallagher
• AdBusters, anti-consumerism magazine
• The Disaffected Individual by Bernard Stiegler
• Fifty Possible Ways to Challenge Over-Commercialism by Albert J. Fritsch, SJ, PhD
• Spiritual Materialism and the Sacraments of Consumerism: A View from Thailand
• The Religion of Consumerism (First Unitarian Church of Rochester sermon)
• The New Anti-Consumerism
• For teachers:Introductory lecture notes on consumerism available
• Baudrillard; Consumerism, simulacro y régimen de mortandad en el Sistema de los objetos by Adolfo Vasquez Rocca PhD | in Eikasia

• Consumerium Development Wiki: fair trade, political consumerism, and moral purchasing trends. These links deal with 'consumerism' in the sense of 'consumer activism'.
• Kunkelfruit Wiki, the home for free articles about how popular products are made.
• Baudrillard; Cultura, simulacro y régimen de mortandad en el Sistema de los objetos | Eikasia
• Global Consumer Solidarity Movement
• Intolerable Beauty - Portraits of American Mass Consumption (Chris Jordan Photography), artistic photos of mass consumerism