From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

København

City coat of arms
Location in Denmark
Area
- Municipal	88.25 km²
- Capital region (less Bornh.)	1973 km²
- Capital region+East Zealand	2673 km²
Population (2007-01-01)
- Municipal	503,699
- Urban area	1,145,804
- Capital region (less Bornh.)	1,593,709
- Capital region+East Zealand	1,825,814
- Density (city/met/region/region+)	5707/1947/807/683/km²
Additional information
Time zone	Central European: UTC+1
Latitude Longitude	55°43' N 12°34' E

Copenhagen (IPA: /ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən, ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən/; Danish: København (help·info) IPA: [kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn, kʰømːˈhɑʊ̯ˀn]) is the capital of Denmark (Danmark), and the largest city of Scandinavia. It is situated on the Zealand and Amager Islands and is separated from Malmö, Sweden by the Øresund.

With the completion of the transnational Oresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö are connected by a car/rail link and are in the process of integrating their respective labour markets, resulting in the number of commuters from both sides growing annually.

In 2007, the magazine Monocle listed Copenhagen second in their Top 20 Most Liveable Cities Chart^[1]. In addition, it has also been classified as a GaWC Cultural World City.

The original designation for the city, from which the contemporary Danish name is derived, was Kjøbmandehavn, "merchants' harbor". The English name for the city is derived from its Low German name, Kopenhagen. The element hafnium is named after the city's Latin name, Hafnia^[2].

Contents 1 Copenhagen municipalities 2 History 3 Location 4 Boroughs and Areas 5 Outer suburbs 6 Population 6.1 Demography 7 Recreation and Culture 7.1 General situation 7.2 Music and entertainment 7.3 Sports 7.4 Cuisine 7.5 Nature 8 Economy 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Roads and motorways 9.2 The Harbour of Copenhagen 9.3 Airports 9.4 Public transport 10 Places of note in or near Copenhagen 11 Notable natives 12 References 13 Notes 14 See also 15 External links

The city of Copenhagen is for historic reasons divided into several municipalities. The central and largest is Copenhagen municipality, the second largest is Frederiksberg municipality which is an enclave inside Copenhagen municipality. Both are contained in the larger Copenhagen Capital Region, which contains most of the Copenhagen metropolitan area.

There is no official definition of what makes up the city of Copenhagen. Previously, the areas of Frederiksberg, Gentofte and Copenhagen municipalities have been used, but now most statistics use the urban area, which contains an additional 15 municipalities from the Copenhagen Capital Region.

Copenhagen and Frederiksberg were two of the three last Danish municipalities not belonging to a county. On 1 January 2007, the municipalities lost their county privileges and became part of Copenhagen Capital Region.

Main article: History of Copenhagen

From the Viking Age there was a fishing village by the name of "Havn" (harbour) at the site. From the middle of the 12th century it grew in importance after coming into the possession of the Bishop Absalon, who fortified it in 1167, the year traditionally marking the foundation of Copenhagen. The excellent harbour encouraged Copenhagen's growth until it became an important centre of commerce (hence its name - the first part of the word denoting commerce in Danish language). It was repeatedly attacked by the Hanseatic League as the Germans took notice. In 1254, it received its charter as a city under Bishop Jakob Erlandsen.

During 1658-59 it withstood a severe siege by the Swedes under Charles X and successfully repelled a major assault. In 1801 a British fleet under Admiral Parker fought a major battle, the Battle of Copenhagen, with the Danish navy in Copenhagen harbour. It was during this battle Lord Nelson famously "put the telescope to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to cease fire. When a British expeditionary force bombarded Copenhagen in 1807, to gain control of the Danish navy, the city suffered great damage and hundreds of people were killed. The reason why the devastation was so great was that Copenhagen relied on an old defence-line rendered virtually useless by the increase in shooting range available to the British. But not until the 1850s were the ramparts of the city opened to allow new housing to be built around the lakes ("Søerne") which bordered the old defence system to the west. This dramatic increase of space was long overdue, not only because the old ramparts were out of date as a defence system, but also because of bad sanitation in the old city. Before the opening, Copenhagen Center was inhabited by approximately 125,000 people, peaking in the census of 1870 (140,000); today the figure is around 25,000. In 1901, Copenhagen expanded further, incorporating communities with 40,000 people, and in the process making Frederiksberg an enclave within Copenhagen.

During World War II, Copenhagen was occupied by German troops along with the rest of the country from 9 April 1940 until 4 May 1945. In August 1943, when the government's collaboration with the occupation forces collapsed, several ships were sunk in Copenhagen Harbour by the Royal Danish Navy to prevent them being used by the Germans. The city has grown greatly since the war, in the seventies using the so-called five-finger-plan of commuter trainlines to surrounding towns and suburbs.

Since the summer 2000, the cities of Copenhagen and Malmö have been connected by a toll bridge/tunnel (Øresund Bridge), which allows both rail and road passengers to cross. As a result, Copenhagen has become the centre of a larger metropolitan area which spans both nations. The construction of the bridge has led to a large number of changes to the public transportation system and the extensive redevelopment of Amager, south of the main city.

Copenhagen is located on the eastern shore of the island of Zealand (Sjælland) and partly on the island of Amager. Copenhagen faces the Øresund to the east, the strait of water that separates Denmark from Sweden, and that connects the North Sea with the Baltic Sea. On the Swedish side of the sound directly across from Copenhagen, lie the towns of Malmö and Landskrona.

Copenhagen is also a part of the Øresund region, which consists of the eastern part of Zealand in Denmark and the western part of Scania in Sweden.

Østerbro, Nørrebro [4] [5] (pic: Nørrebro), Vesterbro [6] (pic: Central CPH seen from Vesterbro), Amagerbro [7] (pic: Urban-planen near Amagerbro), Valby [8] (pic: Domus Vista project in Valby), Kongens Enghave (King's Meadow Garden), also known as Sydhavnen (meaning South Harbour), Christianshavn, Christiania, Sundbyvester (Sundby West), Sundbyøster (Sundby East), Ørestad [9] (pic: Ørestad North), Islands Brygge [10] (pic: Islands Brygge at night), Bellahøj [11] (pic: Bellahøj projects), Brønshøj, Ryparken [12] (pic: Ryparken), Bispebjerg, Vigerslev, Vestamager, Vanløse.

The term bro in the names Østerbro, Nørrebro, and Vesterbro should not be confused with the Danish word for bridge, which is also 'bro'. The term is thought to be an abbreviation or short form of the Danish word brolagt meaning paved referring to the roads paved with cobblestones leading to the city's former gates - Østerport, Nørreport, and Vesterport - around which these boroughs grew. Thus the names could roughly be translated as Eastern, Western, and Northern Paved (Road), respectively.

Today the names Østerport, Nørreport, and Vesterport all refer to train stations located on the railroad that was build where the city-walls used to be. This is the border between the medieval town and the rest of Indre By.

Northern suburbs: Lyngby, Klampenborg, Hørsholm, Søllerød, Brede, Gentofte, Charlottenlund, Virum, Sorgenfri, Nærum, Vedbæk, Tårbæk, Skodsborg, Holte and Birkerød. Some of these suburbs are spoken of as "The Whiskey Belt" because most families have a high income. Especially along the Strandvejen (Beach Road), where mostly owners of private enterprises live.

North-Western suburbs: Værløse, Farum, Bagsværd [13] (pic: Central Bagsværd), Buddinge, Tingbjerg, Mørkhøj, Søborg, Vangede, Gladsaxe, Høje-Gladsaxe (Gladsaxe Heights) [14] (pic: Gladsaxe Heights) and Hareskovby. These suburbs are mostly middle-class suburban. Mostly covered by single-family houses and in some areas housing projects. These suburbs are typically sleepy-towns with not much cultural life and mostly all shops closing at 6pm. Some of the areas have 65% or more percent of immigrants, while other areas, only have 5-6% immigrants or people with foreign-background.

Western suburbs: Herlev [15] (pic: Herlev Hospital), Ballerup [16] (pic: Block in Ballerup), Skovlunde, Islev, Måløv, Rødovre, Hvidovre, Glostrup, Brøndby [17] (pic: Brøndby townhall), Hvessinge[18] (pic: Hvessinge), Albertslund, Taastrup and Høje-Taastrup (Taastrup Heights), Hedehusene. Most of these suburbs have many industrial zones and low income shops along the main roads, especially along Roskildevej. The suburbs' inhabitants live in either single-family houses and high-rise housing projects as in Brøndby and in Høje-Taastrup which also houses a high number of immigrants. In Albertslund you find Denmark's largest concrete low-rise housing project.

South-Western suburbs: Avedøre, Åmarken, Brøndby Strand [19] (pic: Brøndby Strand Projects), Vallensbæk, Ishøj, Hundige [20] (pic: Hundige Central), Greve, Karlslunde, Solrød, Jersie and Køge. The suburbs closest to Copenhagen City are dominated by large housing projects/concrete suburb. This is mostly low-income areas. In the suburbs more far away, has mainly single-family houses. The south-western suburbs to Copenhagen has a sizeable number of immigrants and people born by immigrant parents.

Amager Island suburbs: Kastrup, Tårnby and Dragør. Dragør can be counted as a suburb because of the near distance to Copenhagen. But most people living in Dragør feel there are far from the people in Copenhagen because of lifestyle. Dragør also houses a lot of old houses, that makes Dragør look like a village town. Kastrup is the most "visited" suburb of Copenhagen simply because The Copenhagen Airport resides here, most of the houses in Kastrup is primarily single-family houses and low-rise. Tårnby has one small housing project and in the southern part of the suburb, is the names of the road named after African countries.

Since the exact city-limits of Copenhagen are poorly defined, the population numbers are somewhat abstract. Statistics Denmark uses a measure of the contiguously built-up urban area of Copenhagen, this means the number of communities included in this statistical abstract has changed several times, in the abstracts latest edition with slightly more than 1.1 million (1,145,804 (2007)) inhabitants. Statistics Denmark has never stated the geographical area of urban Copenhagen. However we know it consists of Copenhagen Municipality, Frederiksberg and 16 of the 20 municipalities in the old counties Copenhagen and Roskilde, though 5 of them only partially^[3].

From 1 January 2007 the population of the 33 municipalities closest to and including the municipality of Copenhagen is 1,825,814 .^[4] Land area: 2,673 km² (1,032 sq mi). (Copenhagen Region - Bornholm + East Zealand). Water area: 105 km² (40.5 sq mi).^[5] Thus, the region comprises 6.3% of the land area of Denmark, but has 33.5% of Denmark's population. This gives a total of 683 inhabitants per km² or 1,769 per square mile for the region. This compares with a population density in the rest of the country of approximately 90 per km² or around 230 per square mile.

A high-ranking civil servant of the Interior Ministry, Henning Strøm, who was involved in (i.e. known as "the Father of") a past municipal reform, which took effect on 1 April 1970, said on television, broadcast in connection with the recent Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), that Copenhagen municipality would encompass an area with 1.5 million inhabitants, if the principles of the 1970 municipal reform were also applied on Copenhagen municipality.^[6] In other words: in the rest of Denmark the city occupies only part of the municipality, but in Copenhagen the municipality of Copenhagen occupies only part of the city of Copenhagen.

Approximately 30% of all the children in the public schools of Copenhagen have a foreign background. Copenhagen now has a sizeable immigrant population which has slowly but steadily increased since the late 1960s when the first wave of immigrants arrived, then known as 'Guest workers'. Over the years others have joined them, especially refugees but also more foreign workers and students.^{[citation needed]}

The foreigners and immigrants typically come from Western European countries such as neighbouring Sweden, Norway and the United Kingdom but also Eastern Europe (mostly Poland, Latvia and Lithuania), former Yugoslavia, the Middle East (esp. Turkey, Iraq, the West Bank/Gaza), Somalia, Pakistan and Vietnam.^{[citation needed]}

Copenhagen has been ranked as one of the world's best cities to live in, despite the high cost of living. Accommodation is quite affordable for the average person compared to London and Paris. ^[7]

Strøget, a three kilometre long pedestrian shopping street in central Copenhagen was inaugurated in 1961. Copenhagen's extensive pedestrian network has been developed over the last 40 years through the work of architect and professor Jan Gehl.

The Copenhagen Jazz Festival, which takes place in summer, is a popular annual event that is the result of a significant jazz scene having existed for many years. It developed significantly when a number of American jazz musicians such as Ben Webster, Thad Jones, Richard Boone, Ernie Wilkins, Kenny Drew, Ed Thigpen, Bob Rockwell and others such as rock guitarist Link Wray came to live in Copenhagen during the 1960s.

For free entertainment one can stroll along Strøget, especially between Nytorv and Højbro Plads, which in the late afternoon and evening is a bit like an impromptu three-ring circus with musicians, magicians, jugglers and other street performers.

Copenhagen has a wide variety of sport teams. Denmark's leading football teams, FC København and Brøndby IF, are based in Copenhagen. FC København plays at Parken in Østerbro, Copenhagen. Notable Copenhagen teams playing at the second highest level in Danish football (the Danish 1st Division) include AB, HIK, Frem, Brønshøj, Fremad Amager and Skjold.

Copenhagen also has three ice hockey teams: Rødovre Mighty Bulls, Herlev Hornets and Nordsjælland Cobras.

There is both a men's and a women's handball team, and both teams play in the highest league. Both of the handballteams are owned by FC København and have the same name and logo. They were formerly known as FIF.

Rugby union is also played in the Danish capital with teams such as CSR-Nanok, Copenhagen Scrum, Exiles, Froggies and Rugbyklubben Speed.

The Danish Australian Football League, based in Copenhagen is the largest Australian rules football competition outside of the English speaking world.

Copenhagen is also home to a number of Denmark's 40-odd cricket clubs. Although Denmark has been an associate member of the International Cricket Council since 1966, the sport is not taught much in schools, and Danish cricket competes unfavourably with the much more widely followed sport of football for players, facilities, media attention and spectators.

Copenhagen is also home to three prominent paintball teams, the Copenhagen Ducks, The Ugly Ducklings and the Copenhagen Berserks. Because of paintball's relative popularity in Scandinavia, these teams are well-known throughout the globe, despite Denmark's small size.^{[neutrality disputed]}

The second World Outgames will take place in Copenhagen in 2009, after Berlin refused to stage them due to the continuing rivalry between the two gay sporting organisations.^{[citation needed]}

Copenhagen offers a great variety of fine restaurants and it is possible to find modest eateries with open sandwiches (called "smørrebrød"), which is the traditional and most known dish. Most restaurants, though, serve international dishes.

Also, Copenhagen is known for the hot dog stands found throughout the city. The city is also home to many fine bakeries and pastry shops.^{[citation needed]}

The city boasts an impressive 10 Michelin star restaurants. Restaurant Noma (Nordisk Madhus) has currently been voted the 15th best restaurant in the world, and recently it received another Michelin star in addition with the one it already had received.^[8]

Since the mid-eighties, immigration from the Middle East, Turkey and Arabian countries has introduced fast food dishes like kebab and falafel, which have become as popular as more traditional Danish fast food.^{[citation needed]}

Copenhagen and the surrounding counties have 3 beaches with a total of approx. 8km of sandy beaches within 30 minutes bicycling from the city centre. This includes Amager Strandpark, a 2 km long artificial island which opened in 2005 and is located just 15 minutes by bicycle from the city centre.

Copenhagen is a center for business and science, not only in Denmark, but also in the Oresund Region and Scandinavia. Thus the Copenhagen Capital Region had both the highest GDP per capita and economic growth in the whole of Denmark in 2005^[9]. In a 2006 survey of the richest cities in the world, Copenhagen was ranked 9th, and along with the Norwegian capital Oslo the highest gross wages were paid in Copenhagen, but the high taxes mean that wages are reduced after mandatory deduction.^[10] Furthermore, Copenhagen has in several surveys been ranked as one of the most expensive cities in the World^[11][12]. Copenhagen is an attractive city for business enterprises, and several international companies have established their regional headquarters in Copenhagen. A substantial number of Danish pharmaceuticals such as Novo Nordisk, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Bavarian Nordic also operate in the area, having placed their headquarters in or close to Copenhagen.^[13]

The automotive traffic of Copenhagen is served by several motorways. The Køge Bugt Motorvej (Køge Bay Motorway), which goes from Køge south of Copenhagen to the western suburb of Avedøre where it becomes the Amagermotorvej (Amager Motorway), is the most congested motorway in Denmark with about 120.000 cars a day.

The harbour of Copenhagen, also known as Copenhagen Port has several functions but its main function today is as one of the leading cruise destinations in the world.

Cruise Copenhagen Network was established in 1992 as a partnership between the Port of Copenhagen, the City of Copenhagen and 45 professional suppliers, in order to strengthen and develop Copenhagen as the most successful home port for cruises in Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea. The trade magazine Dream World Cruise Destinations recently polled the cruise lines, who voted Copenhagen no. 1 in several categories:

Most Responsive Port: The port with a cruise team that responds quickly to requests for information and finds solutions to the challenges and demands of the cruise lines.

Best Destination Experience - Independent Sightseeing: Destination where the quality of the experience derives from passengers making their own arrangements for their time ashore.

World Travel Awards has several years in a row awarded Copenhagen Port as the number one cruise destination in Europe as well as the best port in the world (www.worldtravelawards.com).

Copenhagen has two nearby airports, Kastrup (the large international airport) and Roskilde Lufthavn (the small international airport). Kastrup, also known as Copenhagen Airport (CPH) is Europe's 17th largest airport and has four times won the prestigious award as being "The best airport in Europe", and two times as "The best airport in the world". Roskilde Lufthavn is located 30 km west-south-west of Copenhagen and is mostly used for national and low-fare airlines.

The public transportation system of Copenhagen consists of commuter trains (called "S-Trains" (S-tog)), buses, and a metro. The S-trains form the basis of the transportation network, stretching to most areas of metropolitan Copenhagen, with their main hub at Copenhagen Central Station (København H). Some regional trains supplement the S-train services with lines extending further such as to the Copenhagen Airport, Elsinore, and Malmö.

Tickets are transferable from one means of transport to another (e.g. from bus to train) as long as the time limit is not exceeded. Most of the former Copenhagen region, 33 municipalities (see above (Population)), is divided into ninety-five zones^{[citation needed]}, which determine the cost of a ticket. The more zones a ticket is valid for, the longer its time validity with a maximum of two hours. A trip of seven or more zones costs a base rate.

Discount cards, known as punch cards (klippekort), as well as period cards are available. Ticket prices are high and have increased substantially in recent years leading to a decrease in passenger numbers.^{[citation needed]} In fact, the percentage of trips made on public transportation in Copenhagen is quite low by northern European standards.^{[citation needed]}

An extensive road system is also in place, and the city's bicycle paths are extensive and well-used. The city provides public bicycles which can be found throughout the downtown area and used with a returnable deposit of 20 kroner. Bicycle paths are often separated from the main traffic lanes and sometimes have their own signal systems. Copenhagen is known as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world,^[14] and is a center of bicycle culture.

All S-Train and other Danish train schedules can be found at www.dsb.dk metro information at www.m.dk

Bus schedules and routes- www.movia.dk

Directions, route planners, fares, maps, etc about getting around in Copenhagen at www.rejseplanen.dk

Christiansborg Palace - home of the Danish Parliament Folketinget, the Supreme Court, Office of the Prime Minister and official reception area of Queen Margrethe II

Børsen - the former Stock Exchange building

The Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen harbor

Amalienborg Palace - home of the Danish royal family. The central building is the domed Marble Church located behind the palace complex

• Amalienborg Palace
• Assistens Cemetery (Assistens Kirkegård)
• Arken Museum of Modern Art
• Børsen, the former Stock Exchange
• Copenhagen Opera House
• Danish Design Centre
• Bakken
• Christiania
• Christiansborg
• Copenhagen Zoo
• Danish National Gallery
• Danmarks Nationalbank
• Frederiksborg Palace in Hillerød
• Gefion fountain
• Kastellet
• Kronborg Castle — Hamlet's castle in Elsinore (Helsingør)
• The Little Mermaid
• Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
• National Museum of Denmark
• Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
• Nyhavn
• Rosenborg Castle
• Roskilde
• Rundetårn
• Strøget
• Tivoli Gardens (amusement park)
• University of Copenhagen
• Ungdomshuset (demolished)

Niels Bohr, physicist, Nobel laureate Aage Bohr, physicist, Nobel laureate (son of Niels Bohr) Victor Borge, entertainer August Bournonville, ballet choreographer Georg Brandes, critic Helena Christensen, supermodel Tove Ditlevsen, writer Carl Theodor Dreyer, movie director Gus Hansen, poker player Iben Hjejle, actor Peter Høeg, writer Arne Jacobsen, designer Rune Glifberg, skateboarder J. C. Jacobsen, founder of Carlsberg Brewery

Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher Bjørn Lomborg, Academic and Author of The Skeptical Environmentalist Lauritz Melchior, opera singer Mads Mikkelsen, actor Jakob Nielsen Lars von Trier, movie director Dan Turèll, writer Lars Ulrich, drummer of heavy-band Metallica Jørn Utzon, architect, designer of the Sydney Opera House Michael Laudrup, former international football player, manager of Spanish Primera Division Football team Getafe. Peter Schmeichel, former international football player Morten Anderson, veteran NFL kicker

• Deepika Padukone, Indian actress

• Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD, also known as Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
• Municipal and county statistics: Statistics Denmark statistikbanken.dk
• Demography: (Danish) Statistical Yearbook of Copenhagen (part English); ISBN 87-7024-230-5
• History and demography: (Danish) København Forslag til kommuneplan 1985; ISBN 87-88034-03-8

• Oresund Region
• Eurovision Song Contest 2001
• MTV Europe Music Awards 2006
• Transportation in Denmark
• Ports of the Baltic Sea

• Wonderful Copenhagen official tourism web site
• Copenhagen Capacity official investment agency of Copenhagen
• Copenhagen travel guide from Wikitravel
• Official Municipal Website
• City of Copenhagen Statistical Office
• News and activities in Copenhagen - English version
• News and activities in Copenhagen - Danish version
• Krak searchable map(outline of municipality visible online but doesn't print out!)

Coordinates: 55°40′30″N, 12°34′7.32″E

v • d • e Locations in Denmark with populations of 20,000+ as of 1 Jan 2007 according to Statistics Denmark [21]

1. Copenhagen (1,145,804) • 2. Århus (228,123) • 3. Odense (158,453) • 4. Aalborg (121,610) • 5. Esbjerg (71,129) • 6. Randers (59,391) • 7. Kolding (55,407) • 8. Horsens (51,112) • 9. Vejle (49,943) • 10. Roskilde (46,071) • 11. Herning (44,481) • 12. Silkeborg (41,619) • 13. Næstved (41,510) • 14. Fredericia (39,356) • 15. Køge (34,735) • 16. Viborg (34,522) • 17. Helsingør (Elsinore) (34,339) • 18. Holstebro (33,548) • 19. Hørsholm (33,528) • 20. Slagelse (31,914) • 21. Taastrup (31,461) • 22. Hillerød (29,382) • 23. Sønderborg (27.371) • 24. Svendborg (27,263) • 25. Holbæk (25,987) • 26. Hjørring (24,729) • 27. Frederikshavn (23,499) • 28. Haderslev (21,182) • 29. Skive (20,556)

v • d • e  Capital cities of the Member States of the European Union
Amsterdam · Athens · Berlin · Bratislava · Brussels · Bucharest · Budapest · Copenhagen  · Dublin · Helsinki · Lisbon · Ljubljana · London · Luxembourg City · Madrid · Nicosia · Paris · Prague · Riga · Rome · Sofia · Stockholm  · Tallinn · Valletta · Vienna · Vilnius · Warsaw

v • d • e European Capitals of Culture

1985 Athens · 1986 Florence · 1987 Amsterdam · 1988 West Berlin · 1989 Paris · 1990 Glasgow · 1991 Dublin · 1992 Madrid · 1993 Antwerp · 1994 Lisbon · 1995 Luxembourg City · 1996 Copenhagen · 1997 Thessaloniki · 1998 Stockholm · 1999 Weimar · 2000 Reykjavík · Bergen · Helsinki · Brussels · Prague · Kraków · Santiago de Compostela · Avignon · Bologna · 2001 Rotterdam · Porto · 2002 Bruges · Salamanca · 2003 Graz · 2004 Genoa · Lille · 2005 Cork · 2006 Patras · 2007 Luxembourg City and Greater Region · Sibiu · 2008 Liverpool · Stavanger · 2009 Linz · Vilnius · 2010 Essen · Pécs · Istanbul · 2011 Turku · Tallinn · 2012 Maribor · Guimarães