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Crankcase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For the G.I. Joe character, see List of G.I. Joe ARAH characters.
In a piston engine, the crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft. The enclosure forms the largest cavity in the engine, separated from the cylinders by the reciprocating pistons.
Besides protecting the crankshaft and connecting rods from foreign objects, the crankcase serves other functions, depending on engine type.
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In two-stroke engines, the crankcase is sealed and is used as a pressurization chamber for the fuel/air mixture. As the piston rises, it pushes out exhaust fumes and provides a vacuum in the crankcase which sucks in new fuel/air. As the piston lowers, the fresh fuel/air is pushed from the crankcase and sucked into the cylinder. [1]
Unlike four-stroke engines, the crankcase does not hold the engine oil because it holds the fuel/air mixture. Instead, oil is mixed in with the fuel, and the mixture provides lubrication for the cylinder walls, crankshaft and connecting rod bearings.
In a four-stroke engine, the crankcase is filled mainly with air and oil, and is largely sealed off from the fuel/air mixture by the pistons.
Oil circulation is kept separate from the fuel/air mixture, thereby preserving oil rather than burning it as happens in two-stroke engines. Oil moves from its reservoir, is pressurized by an oil pump, and is pumped through the oil filter to remove grit. The oil is then squirted into the crankshaft and connecting rod bearings and onto the cylinder walls, and eventually drips off into the bottom of the crankcase. [2] In a wet sump system, oil remains in a reservoir at the bottom of the crankcase, referred to as the oil pan. In a dry sump system, oil is instead pumped to an external reservoir. [3]
Even in a wet sump system, the crankshaft has minimal contact with the sump oil. Otherwise, the high-speed rotation of the crankshaft would cause the oil to froth, making it difficult for the oil pump to move the oil, which can starve the engine of lubrication. [4] Small amounts of oil may splash onto the crankshaft during rough driving, referred to as windage. [5]
In a wet sump system, the main dipstick and oil filler cap connect to the crankcase.
During normal operation, a small amount of unburned fuel and exhaust gases escape around the piston rings and enter the crankcase, referred to as "blow-by". [6] If these gases remained in the crankcase and condensed, the oil would become more diluted over time, decreasing its ability to lubricate. Condensed water would also cause parts of the engine to rust. [7] To counter this, a crankcase ventilation system exists to draw fresh air in from the air filter and expel the gases out the PCV valve into the intake manifold. The intake manifold is at a lower pressure than the crankcase, providing the suction to keep the ventilation system going.
If an engine is damaged or enters old age, gaps can form between the cylinder walls and pistons, resulting in larger amounts of blow-by than the crankcase ventilation system can handle. The gaps cause power loss, and ultimately mean that the engine needs to be rebuilt or replaced. [6] Symptoms of excessive blow-by include oil being pushed up into the air filter, out the dipstick[8], or out the PCV valve.
- ^ The Compression Stroke in Two-stroke Engines at HowStuffWorks
- ^ How Car Engines Work at HowStuffWorks
- ^ Why do some engines use a dry sump oil system? at HowStuffWorks
- ^ October 1996 question on Car Talk
- ^ Jeff Huneycutt. Oil Pans For Power. Circle Track magazine. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
- ^ a b September 1999 question on Car Talk
- ^ January 2001 question on Car Talk
- ^ August 2002 question on Car Talk