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Crime mapping
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Crime mapping is a key component of crime analysis and the CompStat policing strategy. Mapping crime, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), allows crime analysts to identify crime hot spots, along with other trends and patterns. GIS also allows analysts to overlay other datasets such as census demographics, locations of pawn shops, schools, etc., to better understand the underlying causes of crime and help law enforcement administrators to devise strategies to deal with the problem. GIS is also useful for law enforcement operations, such as allocating police officers and dispatching to emergencies.
Underlying theories that help explain spatial behavior of criminals include environmental criminology, which was devised in the 1980s by Patricia and Paul Brantingham, routine activity theory, developed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson and originally published in 1979, and rational choice theory, developed by Ronald V. Clarke and Derek Cornish, originally published in 1986. In recent years, crime mapping and analysis has incorporated spatial data analysis techniques that add statistical rigor and address inherent limitations of spatial data, including spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity. Spatial data analysis helps one analyze crime data and better understand why and not just where crime is occurring.
Crime analysts use that understanding to help law enforcement management (e.g. the police chief) to make better decisions, target resources, and formulate strategies, as well as for tactical analysis (e.g. crime forecasting, geographic profiling). New York City does this through the CompStat approach, though that way of thinking deals more with the short term. There are other, related approaches with terms including Information-led policing, Intelligence-led policing, Problem-oriented policing, and Community policing. In some law enforcement agencies, crime analysts work in civilian positions, while in other agencies, crime analysts are sworn officers
From a research and policy perspective, crime mapping is used to understand patterns of incarceration and recidivism, help target resources and programs, evaluate crime prevention or crime reduction programs (e.g. Project Safe Neighborhoods, Weed & Seed and as proposed in Fixing Broken Windows), and further understanding of causes of crime.
- Brantingham, Paul J., Patricia L. Brantingham (eds) (1981). Environmental Criminology. Waveland Press. ISBN 0-88133-539-8.
- Chainey, Spencer, Jerry Ratcliffe (2005). GIS and Crime Mapping. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-86099-5.
- Cohen, Lawrence E., Marcus Felson (1979). "Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach". American Sociological Review 44: 588–607.
- Cornish, Derek, Ronald V. Clarke (1986). The Reasoning Criminal. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-96272-7.
- Indianapolis Emergency Dispatch LIVE - Live Marion County / Indianapolis Emergency Dispatch
- Indianapolis Homicides - Homicides in Marion County / Indianapolis
- Chicagocrime.org - unofficial site using Google maps
- Citizen ICAM - Chicago Police Department's official site displaying crime maps
- Phillycrime.org - unofficial site using Google maps
- CrimeinDC.org - unofficial site using Google maps
- Crime Mapping & Analysis Program - National Law Enforcement Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC)
- dublincrime.com: Mapping crime in Dublin, Ireland
- International Association of Crime Analysts
- Mapping & Analysis for Public Safety (MAPS) - National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
- San Francisco Police - public mapping site
- Power to the People: Crime Mapping and Information Sharing in the Chicago Police Department (PDF) by Michael Maltz and Marc S. Buslik