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In many role-playing games and computer and video games, a critical hit is a successful attack that deals more damage than a normal blow. The name and concept of critical hits originated in the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, and migrated from there into other role-playing games and computer role-playing games, and from there into video games outside the role-playing genre.

Critical hits are meant to simulate an occasional 'lucky hit'. The concept is realised as the effect of hitting an artery, or finding a weak point, as opposed to a stab merely in the leg causing less damage than a stab in the Achilles tendon. In games that this rule is present, higher hit points are often symbolic of the characters' own ability to avoid crippling or disabling damage, not of their actual fortitude.

The most common kind of critical hit simply deals additional damage, most commonly dealing double the normal damage that would have been dealt, but many other formulas exist as well (such as ignoring defense of the target or always awarding the maximum possible damage). Critical hits also occasionally do "special damage" to represent the effects of specific wounds (for example, losing use of an arm or eye, or being reduced to a limp). In D&D-derived games, critical hits usually occur only with normal weapon attacks, but not with other attacks such as magic or other special abilities.

Critical hits are almost always random, although player attributes or situational modifiers may come into play. For example, games in which the player characters have a "Luck" attribute will often base the likelihood of critical hits occurring on this statistic: a character with high Luck will deal a higher percentage of critical hits, while a character with low Luck may, in some games, be struck by more critical hits.

Many games (table-top or computer) use "ablative" hit point systems. That is, wounded characters often have no game differences from unwounded characters other than a reduction in hit points. Critical hits originally provided a way to simulate wounds to a specific part of the body. These systems usually use lookup charts and other mechanics to determine which wound was inflicted. In RPGs with non-humanoid characters or monsters, unlikely or bizarre results could occur, such as a Beholder with a "lost leg". Most systems now simply award extra damage on a critical hit, trading realism for ease of play. The effect of a critical hit is to break up the monotony of a battle with high, unusual results. Otherwise, players of fighter-type characters would continually make the same rolls turn after turn.

The negative counterpart of the critical hit is the critical miss or critical fumble or critical failure, a concept that is less frequently borrowed than that of critical hits. Many tabletop role-playing games use some variation on this concept (such as a "botch" in the Storyteller System), but few computer role-playing games implement critical misses except where the game is directly based on a tabletop game in which such rules appear.

Critical hits were an optional rule in editions of the game prior to Dungeons & Dragons Third Edition, and are a part of the core rules in Third Edition. Many games call critical hits by other names. For example, in Chrono Trigger, a double hit is a normal attack in which a playable character strikes an enemy twice in the same turn. Gamers frequently use the abbreviation crit or critical for "critical hit". This usage has gained popularity due to verbing; when used as a verb, "crit" or "critical" is less cumbersome than "critically hit" or "score a critical hit".

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