From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Crocus
Crocus longiflorus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family: Iridaceae Genus: Crocus L.
Species
See text.

Crocus (plural: crocus, crocuses or croci) is a genus of perennial flowering plants, native to a large area from coastal and subalpine areas of central and southern Europe (including the islands of the Aegean), North Africa and the Middle East, across Central Asia to western China.

The genus Crocus is placed botanically in the iris family (Iridaceae). The plants grow from corms and are mainly hardy perennials, and are found a wide range of habitats, including woodland, scrub and meadows.

There are about eighty species of crocus (of which approximately 30 are cultivated). Their cup-shaped, solitary, salverform flowers taper off into a narrow tube. Their color varies enormously, although lilac, mauve, yellow and white are predominant. The grass-like, ensiform leaf shows generally a white central stripe along the leaf axis. The leaf margin is entire. All crocuses typically have three stamens.

The name of the genus is derived from the Latin adjective crocatus, meaning saffron yellow. The spice saffron is obtained from the stigmas of Crocus sativus, an autumn/fall-blooming species.

Contents 1 Misuses of the name crocus 2 True autumn crocuses 3 In cultivation 4 History 5 Species 6 References

Though some true crocus bloom with the fall (autumn) rains, after summer's heat and drought, the name autumn crocus is often misused^{[citation needed]} as a common name for Colchicum, which is in the lily family (Liliaceae), and which has six stamens; it is also (confusingly and incorrectly) known as meadow saffron. The so-called prairie crocus (formerly Anemone patens, now Pulsatilla patens or P. ludoviciana) belongs to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae).

Crocus vernus 'Pickwick', a Dutch hybrid

Crocus 'E.A. Bowles', a Chrysanthus hybrid

Crocus cultivars

Most true autumn crocus flower in September to November in the northern hemisphere. Some flower before their leaves appear. Autumn/fall flowering species include: Crocus banaticus (syn. C. iridiflorus), C.cancellatus, C. goulimyi, C. hadriaticus, C. kotschyanus (syn. C. zonatus), C. laevigatus, C. medius, C. niveus, C. nudiflorus, C. ochroleucus, C. pulchellus, C. sativus (saffron crocus), C. serotinus, C. speciosus, C. tournefortii. Crocus laevigatus has a long flowering-period which starts in late autumn or early winter and may continue into February.

As one of the first flowers to bloom in spring, the large hybridized and selected "Dutch crocus" are popular with gardeners. However, in areas where snow and frost occasionally occur in the early spring it is not uncommon for early-flowering crocuses to suddenly wither and die from a unseasonable frost or snowfall.

Most crocus species and hybrids should be planted in a sunny position, in gritty, well-drained soil, although a few prefer shadier sites in moist soil. Some are suitable for naturalising in grass. The corms should be planted about 3–4 cm deep; in heavy soils a quantity of sharp grit should be dug in to improve drainage.

Some crocuses, especially C. tommasinianus and its selected forms and hybrids (such as 'Whitewell Purple' and 'Ruby Giant') seed prolifically and are ideal for naturalising. They can, however, become weeds in rock gardens, where they will often appear in the middle of choice, mat-forming alpine plants and can be difficult to remove.

Saffron gatherers appear in Minoan frescos on the island of Santorini in the Aegean Sea. See History of saffron

Composed Bouquet of Spring Flowers, by Ambrosius Bosschaert, c. 1620 (Louvre Museum)

The first crocus seen in the Netherlands, where Crocus species are not native, were corms brought back from the Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador to the Sublime Porte, A. Ghislain de Busbeq, in the 1560s. A few corms were forwarded to Carolus Clusius at the botanical garden in Leiden. By 1620, the approximate date of Ambrosius Bosschaert's painting (illustration, left), new garden varieties had been developed, such as the cream-colored crocus feathered with bronze at the base of the bouquet, similar to varieties still in the market. Bosschaert, working from a preparatory drawing to paint his composed piece, which spans the whole of Spring, exaggerated the crocus so that it passes for a tulip, but its narrow, grasslike leaves give it away.

The taxonomic characteristics are based mainly on the presence or absence of a prophyll (a basal spathe) and the aspect of the style and the corm tunic.

1 Subgenus Crocus

A. Section Crocus

Series Kotschyani

• Crocus autranii
• Crocus gilanicus (discovered in 1973 and named after Gilan province in Iran where it was first found)
• Crocus karduchorum
• Crocus kotschyanus - Kotschy's crocus
• Crocus ochroleucus
• Crocus scharojanii
• Crocus vallicola

Series Longiflori

• Crocus goulimyi
• Crocus longiflorus - Italian crocus
• Crocus medius
• Crocus niveus
• Crocus serotinus - late crocus

Series Scardici

• Crocus pelistericus
• Crocus scardicus

Series Verni

• Crocus baytopiorum
• Crocus etruscus
• Crocus kosaninii
• Crocus tommasinianus - early crocus
• Crocus vernus - spring crocus, Dutch crocus

Series Versicolores

• Crocus cambessedesii
• Crocus corsicus
• Crocus imperati
• Crocus malyi
• Crocus minimus
• Crocus versicolor - cloth-of-silver crocus

Series Crocus

• Crocus asumaniae
• Crocus cartwrightianus

• Crocus sativus - saffron crocus (a sterile triploid mutant)

• Crocus hadriaticus
• Crocus mathewii
• Crocus moabiticus
• Crocus oreocreticus
• Crocus pallasii
• Crocus thomasii

B. Section Nudiscapus

Series Aleppici

• Crocus aleppicus
• Crocus boulosii
• Crocus veneris
• Crocus saris

Series Biflori

• Crocus adanensis
• Crocus aerius
• Crocus almehensis
• Crocus biflorus - silvery crocus, Scotch crocus
• Crocus caspius
• Crocus chrysanthus - golden crocus
• Crocus cyprius
• Crocus danfordiae
• Crocus hartmannianus
• Crocus kerndorffiorum
• Crocus leichtlinii
• Crocus paschei
• Crocus pestalozzae
• Crocus wattiorum

Series Carpetani

• Crocus carpetanus
• Crocus nevadensis

Series Flavi

• Crocus antalyensis
• Crocus candidus
• Crocus flavus - yellow crocus
• Crocus graveolens
• Crocus hyemalis
• Crocus olivieri
• Crocus vitellinus

Series Intertexti

• Crocus fleischeri

Series Laevigatae

• Crocus boryi
• Crocus laevigatus
• Crocus tournefortii

Series Orientales

• Crocus alatavicus
• Crocus korolkowii - celandine crocus
• Crocus michelsonii

Series Reticulati

• Crocus abantensis
• Crocus ancyrensis - Ankara crocus
• Crocus angustifolius - cloth-of-gold crocus
• Crocus cancellatus
• Crocus cvijicii
• Crocus dalmaticus
• Crocus gargaricus
• Crocus hermoneus
• Crocus reticulatus
• Crocus robertianus
• Crocus rujanensis
• Crocus sieberi - Cretan crocus
• Crocus sieheanus

Series Speciosi

• Crocus speciosus - Bieberstein's crocus, large purple crocus
• Crocus pulchellus - hairy crocus

2. Subgenus Crociris

• Crocus banaticus

• Brian Mathew, Christopher Grey-Wilson, Bulbs, (ill. Marjorie Blamey), Collins, 1981
• Brian Mathew, Crocus: A Revision of the Genus Crocus, Timber Press, 1983. ISBN 0-917304-23-3
• Brian Mathew, Flowering Bulbs for the garden, Collingridge/Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1987. ISBN 0-600-35175-0