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Crown-cardinal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A crown-cardinal (Italian: cardinale delle corone)[1] was a cardinal protector of Catholic nation, nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals[2][3] and, if applicable, exercise the jus exclusivae.[4] More generally, the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch.
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The institution of a cardinal protector of a nation-state may have originated in the 14th century, serving as a predecessor for the diplomatic institutions of the Holy See developed in the 16th century.[5] The institution of the crown-cardinal first became a dominant one within the College of Cardinals with the consistory of Pope Eugene IV on December 18, 1439 which nominated an unprecedented number of cardinals with strong ties to European monarchs and other political institutions.[6]
| Monarch/Nation | Cardinal | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Charles VII of France | Renaud de Chartres | Chancellor of France |
| Charles VII of France | Guillaume d'Estouteville | Royal cousin, constructor of Mont Saint Michel |
| Henry VI of England | Louis de Luxembourg de Beaurevoir | Chancellor for France |
| Henry VI of England | John Kempe | former chancellor of England and archbishop of York |
| Afonso V of Portugal | António Martins de Chaves | Bishop of Porto |
| Kingdom of Hungary (interregnum) | Dionysius Szechy | Primate-designate of Hungary |
| Władysław III of Poland | Zbigniew Olesnicki | Archbishop of Krakow |
| Holy Roman Empire (interregnum) | Petrus de Schaumburg | Imperial Counsellor |
| René I of Naples | Niccolo d'Acciapaccio | Archbishop of Capua |
| Milan | Gerardo Landriani Capitani | Bishop of Como |
| Genoa | Giorgio Fieschi di Lavagna | Archbishop of Genoa |
| Philip the Good | Jean Le Jeune | Ambassador to the Council of Ferrara-Florence |
The first explicit reference to protectorship pertaining to a nation-state dates to 1425 (the Catholic Encyclopedia says 1424[7]) when Pope Martin V forbade cardinals to "assume the protection of any king, prince or commune ruled by a tyrant or any other secular person whatsoever."[8] This prohibition was renewed in 1492 by Pope Alexander VI. This prohibition was not renewed by Pope Leo X in the ninth session of the Lateran Council of 1512.[7]
Some crown-cardinals were cardinal-nephews or members of powerful families; others were selected solely on the recommendation of European monarchs, in many cases with little previous ecclesiastical experience.[9] During the reigns of Avignon Pope Clement VI and Pope Urban VI in particular, it was acknowledged that monarchs could select retainers and expect them to be elevated to the College of Cardinals.[9] The going rate for the creation of a crown-cardinal was about 2,832 scudi.[2]
Pope Alexander VII had to elevate crown-cardinals in pectore.[10] Pope Urban VI (1378–1389) forbade crown-cardinals from receiving gifts from their respective sovereigns.[7]
As of 1913, the only state with a crown-cardinal was the Kingdom of Portugal.[7] World War I cemented the decline of the institution of the crown cardinal, as many monarchies either went extinct or declined in power.[9]
In the case of Spain, France, and Austria, from the 16th to 20th centuries, crown-cardinals had the prerogative to exercise the jus exclusivae (a veto for "unacceptable" candidates) during a Papal conclave on behalf of their patron monarch. Crown-cardinals usually arrived with a list of such unacceptable candidates but often had to confer with their patrons during conclaves via messengers, and attempt (sometimes unsuccessfully) to delay the conclave until a response arrived. For example, Pope Innocent X (elected 1644) and Pope Innocent XIII (elected 1721) survived late arriving veto orders from France and Spain respectively.[1] Austrian crown-cardinal Karl Kajetan Cardinal Gaisruck arrived too late to the Papal conclave of 1846 to exercise the veto against Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (who had already been elected and taken the name Pius IX).
- Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector of Habsburg hereditary lands)[11]
- Joseph Dominicus von Lamberg (December 20, 1737–August 30, 1761)[12]
- Karl Kajetan Cardinal Gaisruck (Papal conclave circa 1846)
- Jan Maurycy Paweł Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko (Papal conclave circa 1903)
Unlike other national cardinal protectors, the cardinal protectors of England, Scotland, and Ireland were generally chosen exclusively by the pope and often had no prior relationship to the British Isles.[11]
- Francesco Piccolomini (1492–1503) (future Pope Pius III)[13]
- Giulio de'Medici (1514–1523) (future Pope Clement VII)[14]
- Lorenzo Campeggio (1523–1534)[14]
- Giovanni Morone, (1578–1579)[15][16]
- Philip Howard (1682–1694)[15]
- Filippo Antonio Gualterio (circa 1717)[17]
- Cardinal Baschi (circa November 4, 1797)[15]
- Ercole Cardinal Consalvi (circa 1817, acting)[15]
- Of Ireland
- Francesco Alciati (circa 1569)[18]
- Ludovico Cardinal Ludovisi (circa 1628–November 18, 1632)[19]
- Of Scotland
- Giovanni Domenico de Cupis (circa March 5, 1550)[20]
- Filippo Antonio Gualterio (circa 1706)[17]
The King of France historically had only one cardinal protector at a time,[11] chosen by a complicated process which involved the King, the secretary of state for foreign affairs, the French ambassador to Rome, and other French power brokers, but not the pope.[21] The crown-cardinal of France was also abbot commendatario of several French abbeys.[22]
- André d'Espinay (March 9, 1489–November 10, 1500)[23]
- Federico Sanseverino (circa October 6, 1513)[24]
- Giulio de'Medici (circa 1516) (future Pope Clement VII)[25]
- Scaramuccia Trivulzio (circa 1518)[20]
- Agostino Trivulzio (circa 1527)[20]
- Niccolò Gaddi (from 1533)[26]
- Ippolito II d'Este (from May 1549)[27][28]
- Giovanni Domenico de Cupis (circa 1552)[20]
- Luigi d'Este (circa February 23, 1573)[29]
- François de Joyeuse (February 16, 1587–1615)[30]
- Vice-protector François de La Rochefoucald (October 1609–May 1611)[31]
- Alessandro Orsini (until 1620)[21]
- Guido Bentivoglio (from 1620)[21]
- Maurizio di Savoia (Papal conclave, circa 1623)[31]
- Antonio Barberini (circa 1644)[32]
- Rinaldo d'Este (circa 1645–1672)[30]
- Alessandro Bichi (until 1657)[30]
- Francesco Maria de'Medici (1703–June 19, 1709)[33]
- Henri-Osvald de la Tour d'Auvergne de Bouillon (December 20, 1737–April 23, 1747)[12]
The protector of the Holy Roman Empire was often the protector of the Austrian hereditary lands.[11]
- Francesco Piccolomini (1492–1503) (future Pope Pius III)[13]
- Innocenzo Cibo (circa 1542)[25]
- Otto Truchsess von Waldburg (circa 1558)[34]
- Ludovico Madruzzo (circa 1573)[29]
- Scipione Borghese (from 1611)[5]
- Franz Seraph von Dietrichstein (circa 1635)[35]
- Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector)[11]
- Francesco Maria de'Medici (1689–1703)[33]
- Franziskus Herzan von Harras (Papal conclave, circa 1800)
- Federico Sforza (1664–1676)[11]
- Troiano Acquaviva D'Aragona (circa 1738) (Protector of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily)[36]
- Alfonso Gesualdo (circa 1585) (Protector of Portugal and the Two Sicilies)[29]
- Odoardo Farnese (circa 1621)[37]
- Tomás de Almeida (December 20, 1737–February 27, 1754)[12][38]
- Paolo Emilio Cesi (circa 1534)[20]
- Alfonso Gesualdo (circa 1585) (Protector of Portugal and the Two Sicilies)[29]
- Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector)[11]
- Troiano Acquaviva D'Aragona (circa 1738) (Protector of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily)[36]
The King of Spain could have as many as five or six cardinal protectors (Spanish: Protector de Espana) simultaneously, although traditionally the protector of Castile was the most frequently turned to.[11]
- Pedro González de Mendoza (May 7, 1473–January 11, 1495)[23]
- Francisco Pacheo de Toledo (circa 1564)[29]
- Francesco Alciati (circa 1569)[18]
- Alessandro Sforza (circa 1575)[18]
- Juan Hurtado de Mendoza (circa 1591)[39]
- Francisco de Ávila (circa 1598)[40]
- Pedro de Deza Manuel (circa 1599)[41]
- Ferdinando de' Medici (1582–1584)[42]
- Alessandro d'Este (from 1611)[35]
- Carlo de' Medici (circa 1645)[43]
- Gil Carrillo de Albornoz (August 30, 1627–December 19, 1649)[1]
- Francesco Maria de' Medici (1703–June 19, 1709)[33]
- Francesco Acquaviva D'Aragona (from 1713)[17]
- Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada (circa 1732)[44]
- Troiano Acquaviva D'Aragona (circa April 1743)[36]
- Luis Antonio Jaime de Borbón y Farnesio (December 19, 1735–December 18, 1754)[45]
- Francisco de Solís Folch de Cardona (April 5, 1756–March 21, 1775)[46]
- Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector)[11]
- Federico Sforza (1664–1667, substitute protector)[11]
- Flavio Orsini (circa 1578)[18]
- Ascanio Colonna (circa 1606)[47]
- Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector)[11]
- Charles Borromeo (circa 1586)[48]
- Francesco Barberini (from February 26, 1626)[11]
- Pastor, Ludwig. 1902. The History of Popes. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.
- ^ a b c Chadwick, Owen. pp. 265-267.
- ^ a b
"Cardinal " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. - ^ Reinerman, Alan J. 1989. Austria and the Papacy in the Age of Metternich. Catholic University of America Press. p. 59.
- ^ "Right of Exclusion " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
- ^ a b Bireley, Robert. 2007. Book Review. The Catholic Historical Review. 93, 1: 172-173.
- ^ Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Nicholas V (1447)."
- ^ a b c d "Cardinal Protector " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
- ^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 161
- ^ a b c Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "The election of Pope Eugenius IV (1431)."
- ^ Pastor, 1940, p. 133.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. 2002. Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492-1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521641462. p. 163
- ^ a b c d Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0312294638 p. 173
- ^ a b Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 29
- ^ a b Nenner, Howard A. 1977, March. Book Review. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 45, 1: 101.
- ^ a b c d "The English College, in Rome " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
- ^ Salvator, Miranda. 1998. "Consistory of June 2, 1542 (VII)."
- ^ a b c Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of May 17, 1706 (II)."
- ^ a b c d Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of March 12, 1565 (IV)"
- ^ Gillis, Clive. 2004. "Days of Deliverance Part 9: Rome makes the New Irish Confederation invincible."
- ^ a b c d e Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of July 1, 1517 (V)."
- ^ a b c Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 164.
- ^ Salvator, Miranda. 1998. "Consistory of November 7, 1689."
- ^ a b Burke-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)"
- ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of March 9, 1489 (I)."
- ^ a b c Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of September 23, 1513 (I)"
- ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of May 3, 1527 (I)."
- ^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, pp. 164-165.
- ^ Yardley, Jonathan. 2005, June 26. "The Cardinal's Hat." Washington Post. BW02.
- ^ a b c d e Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of February 26, 1561 (II)"
- ^ a b c Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 165.
- ^ a b Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of December 10, 1607 (III)."
- ^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 128
- ^ a b c Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "September 2, 1686 (II)"
- ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of December 19, 1544 (VIII)"
- ^ a b Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of March 3, 1599 (IV)"
- ^ a b c Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of October 1, 1732 (IV)"
- ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of March 6, 1591 (II)"
- ^ Minor, Vernon Hyde. 2005. The Death of the Baroque and the Rhetoric of Good Taste. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521843413. p. 138
- ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of December 18, 1587 (V)"
- ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of September June 5, 1596 (II)"
- ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of February 21, 1578 (V)"
- ^ Minnich, Nelson H. 2003. Book Review. The Catholic Historical Review. 89, 4: 773-778
- ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of December 2, 1615 (VI)"
- ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of November 29, 1719 (XIV)"
- ^ Pastor, 1941, p. 405
- ^ Robinson, Nancy Nowakowski. 2004. Institutional Anti-Judaism. Xlibris. ISBN 141342161X. p. 75
- ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of November 16, 1586 (III)"
- ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of January 31, 1560 (I)"
