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Dapsone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dapsone
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 4,4'sulfonyldianiline | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | J04 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C12H12N2O2S |
| Mol. mass | 248.302 gmol-1 |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 70 to 80% |
| Protein binding | 70 to 90% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic (mostly CYP2E1-mediated) |
| Half life | 20 to 30 hours |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. | |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | Oral |
Dapsone is an pharmacological medication most commonly used in combination with rifampicin and clofazimine as multidrug therapy (MDT) for the treatment of Mycobacterium leprae infections (leprosy).
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In the early 20th century the German chemist Paul Ehrlich was developing theories of selective toxicity based largely on the ability of certain dyes to kill microbes. Gerhard Domagk, who would later win a Nobel Prize for his efforts, made a major breakthrough in 1932 with the discovery of the antibacterial prontosil red. Further investigation into the active chemicals involved led to the discoveries both of dapsone and of the antibacterial sulfonamides.[1]
As an antibacterial, dapsone inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid. Though structurally distinct from dapsone, the sulfonamide group of antibacterial drugs also work in this way.
When used for the treatment of skin conditions in which bacteria do not have a role the mechanism or action of dapsone is less well understood.
As well as being used in leprosy dapsone can also be used to treat dermatitis herpetiformis and other skin conditions including lichen planus. It is also sometimes used to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP) in patients with HIV and to treat idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. It is used prophylactically to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in patients unable to tolerate trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole.[1]
Dapsone is administered orally as a 100mg tablet or alternatively as 25mg tablets.
The most prominent side effects of this drug are dose-related haemolysis (which may lead to haemolytic anemia) and methemoglobinemia.[2] Agranulocytosis occurs rarely when dapsone is used alone but more frequently in combination regimens for malaria prophylaxis.[3] Abnormalities in white blood cell formation, including aplastic anaemia, are rare but the cause of the majority of deaths due to dapsone therapy.[4][5][6]
Toxic hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported by the manufacturer. Jaundice may also occur as part of the dapsone reaction or dapsone syndrome (see below).
Other adverse effects include nausea, headache, and rash, which are common, and insomnia, psychosis and peripheral neuropathy. Effects on the lung occur rarely and may be serious though are generally reversible.[7]
Hypersensitivity reactions occur in some patients. This reaction may be more frequent in patients receiving multiple drug therapy.[8][9][10]
The reaction always involves a rash and may also include fever, jaundice, and eosinophilia.[11][12][13][14][15] These symptoms will generally occur within the first six weeks of therapy or not at all, and may be ameliorated by corticosteroid therapy.[1]
Certain patients are at higher risks of adverse effects when using dapsone. Some specific issues which should be considered are:[1]
- Related to the blood (a full blood count should be obtained prior to initiating therapy):
- Related to the liver (obtain liver function tests before starting therapy):
- Liver impairment
- Related to allergy:
- Sulfonamide allergy is associated with dapsone allergy
- ^ a b c Rossi S, ed. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3
- ^ Jopling WH. Side-effects of antileprosy drugs in common use. Lepr Rev 1983; 54: 261–70.
- ^ Firkin FC, Mariani AF. Agranulocytosis due to dapsone. Med J Aust 1977; 2: 247–51.
- ^ Foucauld J, et al. Dapsone and aplastic anemia. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 139.
- ^ Meyerson MA, Cohen PR. Dapsone-induced aplastic anaemia in a woman with bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Mayo Clin Proc 1994; 69: 1159–62.
- ^ Björkman A, Phillips-Howard PA. Adverse reactions to sulfa drugs: implications for malaria chemotherapy. Bull WHO 1991; 69: 297–304.
- ^ Jaffuel D, et al. Eosinophilic pneumonia induced by dapsone. BMJ 1998; 317: 181.
- ^ Richardus JH, Smith TC. Increased incidence in leprosy of hypersensitivity reactions to dapsone after introduction of multidrug therapy. Lepr Rev 1989; 60: 267–73.
- ^ Kumar RH, et al. Dapsone syndrome—a five year retrospective analysis. Indian J Lepr 1998; 70: 271–6.
- ^ Rao PN, Lakshmi TSS. Increase in the incidence of dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome—an appraisal. Lepr Rev 2001; 72: 57–62.
- ^ Joseph MS. Hypersensitivity reaction to dapsone. Lepr Rev 1985; 56: 315–20.
- ^ Jamrozik K. Dapsone syndrome occurring in two brothers. Lepr Rev 1986; 57: 57–62.
- ^ Hortaleza AR, et al. Dapsone syndrome in a Filipino man. Lepr Rev 1995; 66: 307–13.
- ^ Tomecki KJ, Catalano CJ. Dapsone hypersensitivity: the sulfone syndrome revisited. Arch Dermatol 1981; 117: 38–9.
- ^ Kromann NP, et al. The dapsone syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1982; 118: 531–2.
Tuberculosis: Aminosalicylic acid, Calcium aminosalicylate, Capreomycin, Cycloserine, Ethambutol, Ethionamide, Isoniazid, Morinamide, Protionamide, Pyrazinamide, Rifabutin, Rifampicin, Rifamycin, Rifapentin, Sodium aminosalicylate, Terizidone, Tiocarlide
Leprosy: Aldesulfone sodium, Clofazimine, Dapsone