Poison dart frog

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Poison dart frogs
Red and Blue "Blue Jeans" Dendrobates pumilio Strawberry Poison Dart Frog
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Suborder: Neobatrachia Family: Dendrobatidae Cope, 1865
Distribution of Dendrobatidae (in black)
Genera
Proposed subfamily Colostethinae proposed genus Ameerega Colostethus Epipedobates proposed genus Silverstoneia Proposed subfamily Hyloxalinae Proposed genus Hyloxalus Proposed subfamily Dendrobatinae Proposed genus Adelphobates Dendrobates Minyobates Proposed genus Oophaga Phyllobates Proposed genus Ranitomeya Proposed obsolete (invalid) Dendrobatidae genera: Cryptophyllobates Nephelobates

Poison dart frog (also poison arrow frog, dart frog or poison frog) is the common name of the small frogs in the family Dendrobatidae which are native to Central and South America. The frogs are often called poison dart frogs due to indigenous peoples' use of their toxic excretions to poison the tips of arrows and blowdarts. In fact, of over 175 species of poison frog, only three have been documented as being used for this purpose, and none come from the Dendrobates genus, which is most characterized by the brilliant color and complex patterns of its member species.^{[citation needed]} The most poisonous of the frogs used for poisoning darts is the two-inch-long Golden Poison Frog from the genus Phyllobates. Although all frogs within the family Dendrobatidae are at least somewhat toxic in the wild, levels of toxicity vary considerably from one species to the next, and from one population to another.

Most poison dart frogs have brightly colored skin which is used as a warning sign to predators. These frogs can be very small, ranging from one to six cm in length, depending on the age, sex, and species of the frog.

Contents 1 Habitat 2 Toxicity 2.1 Immunity to poison 3 Poison frogs in captivity 4 Subspecies and morphs 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References

[edit] Habitat

Poison dart frogs are endemic to humid, tropical environments. These frogs are generally found in tropical rain forests, including in Hawaii, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guyana, Peru, Panama, and Nicaragua. (The species found in Hawaii are non-native introduced frogs.) Poison dart frogs tend to live on or close to the ground, as well as in trees as much as 20 ft from the ground.

[edit] Toxicity

See also: Template:Poison frog alkaloids

Poison dart frogs excrete alkaloid toxins through their skin. Most species are not lethal to their predators, but rather taste foul enough that frogs are released immediately. Dart frogs also do not synthesize their poisons. The alkaloids are sequestered from prey items, such as ants and mites. Because of this, captive bred animals do not contain significant levels of toxin. However, wild caught animals can maintain toxicity for some time, so appropriate care should be taken when handling such animals. The most toxic poison dart frog is the blue poison arrow frog^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] Immunity to poison

Despite the potent poisons utilized by some poison dart frogs, there are some predators that have developed the ability to survive the toxins, including the amazon ground snake Liophis epinephelus.

[edit] Poison frogs in captivity

Main article: History of dendrobatid frogkeeping

While there is little scientific study on the lifespan of poison dart frogs, estimates range from 3 to 15 years in the wild and up to 20 years in captivity. Most species reach maturity around 1.5 to 2.5 years of age.

The easiest way to determine the sex of a particular species of poison dart frog is by observation of behavior. Mature male frogs will usually make a mating call after eating or after a heavy misting of water. The sound varies from species to species, and ranges from a barely audible series of clicks to a loud, bird-like trill.

In juvenile frogs, the sex can sometimes be determined by the profile of the frog. The backs of males usually slope down with less of a break than females. Females are usually rounder and show a bigger break.

With adult frogs (or sub-adults), another way to sex some species of these frogs is by their toes. Females of some Dendrobates species have narrow toes all the way down, while the male's toes are wide at the ends. Mature males of some species also show a small section of grey skin on their neck. This is where the mating call is produced.

These frogs eat ants, termites, small beetles, house crickets, fruit flies, spring tails, wax worms, spiders and other small invertebrates. All species of poison dart frogs are tropical in origin. In captivity, most species thrive where the humidity is kept constant at 80-100% and where the temperature is around 72-80°F (22-27°C) during the day and no lower than 60-65°F (16-18°C) at night. Some species tolerate lower temperatures better than others.

[edit] Subspecies and morphs

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Some species include a number of subspecies and morphs. Morphs represent geographically separated populations of the same species in the wild, showing different coloration, while subspecies tend to show physical differences beyond just coloration.^{[citation needed]} For example, the species Dendrobates tinctorius includes at least a dozen morphs. Morphs of very different coloration have historically been misidentified as separate species, and there is still some controversy among taxonomists over the classification of various frogs. For example, Dendrobates azureus has now been classified as Dendrobates tinctorius "azureus", making it another morph of D. tinctorius.

[edit] Gallery

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Yellow-banded poison dart frog Dendrobates leucomelas

Wild specimen of Dendrobates reticulatus in Peru.

Colostethus flotator in Costa Rica

[edit] See also

• Psychoactive toad
• Allopumiliotoxin 267A
• Batrachotoxin
• Epibatidine
• Pumiliotoxin 251D

[edit] References

• Dart Den Poison dart frog resource
• [Terrarium.tv http://www.terrarium.tv] - Dart frog videos and pictures
• [1]
• "Amphibian Species of the World - Dendrobates, Cope, 1865". Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
• Grant, Taran; Frost, Darrel R.; Caldwell, Janalee P.; Gagliardo, Ron; Haddad, Celio F.B.; Kok, Philippe J.R.; Means, D. Bruce; Noonan, Brice P.; Schargel, Walter E. & Wheeler, Ward (2006): "Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia, Athesphatanura, Dendrobatidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 299: 1-262. PDF fulltext
• Lötters; Jungfer; Henkel; Schmidt (2007): Poison Frogs: Biology, Species, & Captive Husbandry 110: 136

v • d • e Toxins (endotoxin/exotoxin, enterotoxin/neurotoxin/hemotoxin/cardiotoxin) Bacterial toxins Botulinum toxin · Cord factor · Exfoliatin · Leukocidin · Shiga toxin · Shiga-like toxin · Streptolysin · Tetanospasmin pentosyltransferases (Cholera toxin, Diphtheria toxin, Pertussis toxin) Mycotoxins Aflatoxin · Amatoxin (Alpha-amanitin, Beta-amanitin, Gamma-amanitin) · Citrinin · Cytochalasin · Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2) · Gliotoxin · Ibotenic acid · Muscimol · Ochratoxin · Patulin · Sterigmatocystin · Trichothecene · Zearalenone Invertebrates arthropod: scorpion (Charybdotoxin, Maurotoxin, Agitoxin, Margatoxin, Slotoxin, Scyllatoxin, Hefutoxin) · Latrotoxin (Alpha-latrotoxin) · Stromatoxin mollusk: Conotoxin · Eledoisin · Saxitoxin Vertebrates fish: Ciguatera · Tetrodotoxin amphibian: (+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A · Batrachotoxin · Epibatidine · Histrionicotoxin · Pumiliotoxin 251D reptile: Bungarotoxin (Alpha-Bungarotoxin, Beta-Bungarotoxin) · Calciseptine · Taicatoxin · Calcicludine note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species

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